The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of filled elastomers is examined in detail using a variety of samples including carbon-black filled natural rubbers and fumed silica filled silicone elastomers. New insights into the Payne effect are provided by examining the generic results of sinusoidal dynamic and constant strain rate tests conducted in true simple shear both with and without static strain offsets. The effect of deformation history is explored by probing the low amplitude modulus recovery kinetics resulting from a perturbation by a large strain deformation such as a sinusoidal pulse or the application or removal of a static strain. It is found that a static strain has no effect on either the fully equilibrated dynamic (storage and loss) moduli or the incremental stress-strain curves taken at constant strain rate. The reduction in low amplitude dynamic modulus and subsequent recovery kinetics due to a perturbation is found to be independent of the type of perturbation. Modulus recovery is complete but requires thousands of seconds, and is independent of the static strain. The results suggest that deformation sequence is as critical as strain amplitude in determining the properties, and that currently available theories are inadequate to describe these phenomena. The distinction between fully equilibrated dynamic response and transitory response is critical and must be considered in the formulation of any constitutive equation to be used for design purposes with filled elastomers.
A series of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments are performed during the stretching of weakly and highly vulcanized carbon black (CB), silica and grafted silica filled natural rubber sample (NR). Conversely to literature, Mullins effect observed after one stretching cycle modifies the strain induced crystallization (SIC) behaviour of the sample. The onset of crystallization is ruled by the strain amplification induced by the filler presence. Moreover, fillers (CB and silica) behave as additional crosslinks into NR network, through fillererubber interactions that either accelerate or slow down the crystallization rate depending on NR matrix chemical crosslink density. This is consistent with the assumption that effective network density, which is due to chemical crosslinks, entanglements, and fillererubber interactions, controls the crystallization rate.
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC)
of natural rubber (NR) is
characterized during a cyclic deformation at room temperature and
low strain rate (∼10–3 s–1) using in situ wide angle X-rays scattering (WAXS) measurements.
The crystallinity index (CI) and average size of the crystallites
in the three main directions are measured during loading and unloading.
A scenario describing SIC is then proposed, assuming that SIC corresponds
to the successive appearance of crystallite populations whose nucleation
and growth depend on the local network density. From this scenario,
a methodology, coupling experimental observations and thermodynamic
description is developed to determine the distribution of the network
chain density associated with the size of a corresponding crystallite
population. Finally, complex cyclic tests are performed. They suggest
the existence of a memory effect in the chains involved in crystallization,
which eases the nucleation process of the crystallites.
Fillers with dimensions in the nanometer range are important components of nanocomposites
materials. A crucial point for the modeling of the resulting mechanical properties is to determine their
average dimensions accurately as is required for the mechanical coupling modeling. In this work,
reinforcing particules are cellulose monocrystalline rods with an average length of 1 μm. They are prepared
from marine animals and obtained in the form of stable aqueous suspensions. Their precise shape and
lateral dimensions are determined by use of the small-angle scattering technique (neutron and X-rays).
The study is achieved in a rather extended range of concentration (from 0.071 to 1.37% w/w) within
which all scattering patterns are found isotropic and homothetic. A form-factor analysis demonstrates
that the whiskers are long and rigid fibers whose cross-sectional shape is rectangular (88 × 182 Å2). The
cross-sectional morphology of the rods is consistent with crystallographic data of the cellulose fillers.
The suspensions can be considered as homogeneous in this range of concentration since no significant
higher aggregation of the whiskers can be detected.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.