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Deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) is the most commonly used iron-chelating agent to treat transfusion-related hemosiderosis. Despite the clear advantages for the use of DFO, numerous DFO-related systemic toxicities have been reported in the literature, as well as sight-threatening ocular toxicity involving the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The damage to the RPE can lead to visual field defects, color-vision defects, abnormal electrophysiological tests, and permanent visual deterioration. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of the ocular findings, including both functional and structural abnormalities, in DFO-treated patients. In particular, we pay particular attention to analyzing results of multimodal technologies for retinal imaging, which help ophthalmologists in the early diagnosis and correct management of DFO retinopathy. Fundus autofluorescence, for example, is not only useful for screening patients at high-risk of DFO retinopathy, but is also a prerequisite for identify specific high-risk patterns of RPE changes that are relevant for the prognosis of the disease. In addition, optical coherence tomography may have a clinical usefulness in detecting extent and location of different retinal changes in DFO retinopathy. Finally, this review wants to underline the need for universally approved guidelines for screening and followup of this particular disease.

The CV increases with age during childhood, but decreases with AXL. This finding supports the hypothesis that the choroid grows progressively during childhood. Intersexual differences of CV also may be present.

DFO retinopathy included a variety of pattern dystrophy-like changes or minimal changes affecting the RPE-Bruch membrane-photoreceptor complex. Multimodal imaging demonstrated that fundus changes were more diverse and widespread than expected from ophthalmoscopy. Consistently with previous histologic description of DFO retinopathy, multimodal imaging confirmed that photoreceptor outer-derived retinoids, various fluorophores, and RPE displacement or clumping are involved in DFO retinopathy, finally leading to frank RPE atrophy in most cases of pattern dystrophy-like changes.

Drusen-like deposits in patients with SLE were independent of renal disease and were best detected with SDOCT. Lupus-related glomerulonephritis was associated with more fundus abnormalities and a screening SDOCT should be considered in all patients with SLE. Drusen-like deposits in the absence of glomerulonephritis may support the recent proposal that complement alteration is the primary cause of these lesions.

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mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL are significantly reduced in MS patients without concomitant pRNFL thinning. These retinal changes show a significant association with cortical regions that are known to be important for visuospatial performance.