Due to increased levels of stigma, discrimination and victimization Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning or Intersex (LGBTQI+) youth face particular challenges in society. With the intention of better understanding the challenges and issues that LGBTQI+ youth are experiencing, this systematic review explored qualitative studies with a focus on mental health services and the requisite social support service policies and programs for LGBTQI+ youth. Qualitative research systematically examines the expressed thoughts and feelings of the research participants, and through reflective analysis of the themes and links discussed, can provide rich and nuanced understanding. A synthesis of the included studies identified five core themes: (1) Isolation, rejection, phobia, need for support; (2) Marginalization; (3) Depression, self-harm and suicidality; (4) Policy and environment; and (5) Connectedness. Key results suggest that community, school, and family resources to support resilience will optimize LGBTQI+ mental health. This systematic review of qualitative research provides a source of rich information to inform the provision of services and policies that will address the disparity into mental health statistics for the LGBTQI+ population.

Background Stigma toward people with mental illness presents serious consequences for the impacted individuals, such as social exclusion and increased difficulties in the recovery process. Recently, several interventions have been developed to mitigate public stigma, based on the use of innovative technologies, such as virtual reality and video games. Objective This review aims to systematically review, synthesize, measure, and critically discuss experimental studies that measure the effect of technological interventions on stigmatization levels. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines and included studies in English and Spanish published between 2016 and 2021. Searches were run in 5 different databases (ie, PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect). Only randomized controlled trials were included. Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility, extracted data, and rated methodological quality of the studies. Meta-analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results Based on the 1158 articles screened, 72 articles were evaluated as full text, of which 9 were included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. A diversity of interventions was observed, including video games, audiovisual simulation of hallucinations, virtual reality, and electronic contact with mental health services users. The meta-analysis (n=1832 participants) demonstrated that these interventions had a consistent medium effect on reducing the level of public stigma (d=–0.64; 95% CI 0.31-0.96; P<.001). Conclusions Innovative interventions involving the use of technologies are an effective tool in stigma reduction, therefore new challenges are proposed and discussed for the demonstration of their adaptability to different contexts and countries, thus leading to their massification. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021261935; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021261935

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The political negotiation, erection and fall of national and cultural borders represents an issue that frequently occupies the media. Given the historical importance of boundaries as a marker of cultural identity, as well as their function to separate and unite people, the Body Type (BTD) (Wilson 2006) Dictionary represents a suitable computerized content analysis measure to analyse vocabulary qualified to measure body boundaries and their penetrability. Out of this context, this study aimed to assess the inter-method reliability of the Body Type Dictionary (BTD) (Wilson 2006) in relation to Fisher and Cleveland's (1956, 1958) manual scoring system for high and low barrier personalities. The results indicated that Fisher and Cleveland's manually coded barrier and penetration imagery scores showed an acceptable positive correlation with the computerised frequency counts of the BTD's coded barrier and penetration imagery scores, thereby indicating an inter-method reliability. In addition, barrier and penetration imagery correlated positively with primordial thought language in the picture response test, and narratives of everyday and dream memories, thereby indicating correlational validity. Barrier imagery Examples of semantic items Clothing items Dress, robe, costume Animals with distinctive or unusual skins, including shelled creatures Alligator, badger, peacock, snails, shrimp Enclosed openings in the earth Valley, ravine, canal Unusual animal containers Bloated, kangaroo, pregnant Overhanging or protective surfaces Umbrella, dome, shield Armoured objects or objects dependent on their own walls Armour, battleship, ship Things being covered, surrounded or concealed Covered, hidden, behind Buildings Bungalow, cathedral, tower (except buildings that relate to social institutions, e.g. church, hospital, school. Enclosed vehicles Car, ship, truck Things with unusual container-like shapes or properties Bagpipes, chair, throne Unique structures Tent, fort, hut Miscellaneous barrier words Basket, bubble, cage Penetration imagery Reference to the mouth being opened or used for intake or expulsion Eating, tongue, yawning Reference to evading, bypassing or penetrating through the exterior of an object Autopsy, fluoroscope, x-ray References to the body wall being broken, fractured, injured or damaged, including degeneration of surfaces Bleeding, stabbed, wounded, withered

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This article demonstrates that elicited dream narratives use a differing narrative structural and functional framework, as proposed by Labov and Waletzky's (1967) The term narrative structure generally refers to the structural framework underlying the order and manner in which a narrative is recalled and presented to a reader, listener, or viewer. In a previous linguistics study entitled Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experiences, Labov and Waletzky (1967) established a formal structural framework for narratives, outlined in structural units: (1) Abstract, (2) Orientation, (3) Complication, (4) Evaluation, (5) Result, and (6) Coda.The structural abstract unit of a story provides the listener with an outline of the main content and the relatability of a subsequent recapitulated narrative. The structural orientation unit informs the listener about the narrative's participants and their temporal, local, and behavioral circumstances, often found embedded in the opening sequence of a narrative or placed in between the abstract and complication units in the form of free clauses. The structural complication unit conveys a specific or interlinked chain of actions. This is followed by a structural evaluation unit, which functions as the main kernel of a narrative as it establishes the personal relation and interest and conveys the point of the story and its significance in relation to its relatability.

The use of computerized content analysis has encouraged great interest in the assessment of personality. Given the psychological importance of body boundaries in the maintenance and regulation of the self, this study aimed to assess the lexical tendencies of High and Low Barrier personalities (Fisher & Cleveland, 1956, 1958), as measured using the BTD (Wilson, 2006), with regard to lexical frequencies, as classified by the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) (Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007). Consistent with previous research that has identified an association between body boundary imagery and regressive cognitive functioning in autobiographical memories, the results of this study showed that High Barrier personalities used higher frequencies of semantic content associated with primordial mental activity, such as group references, somatosensory processes, and spatial references. In contrast, Low Barrier personalities showed increased use of semantic content related to conceptual thought, such as self-reference, as well as affective and cognitive processes. The discussion conceptualizes the identified lexical tendencies in High and Low Barrier personalities by drawing on various cognitive and social psychological theories.

This study employs a corpus-based approach to make justifiable psychodynamic interpretations based on the statistical relationships that exist between linguistic variables in written texts. The text examined is Hitler's Mein Kampf (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), which was assessed on the strengths of associations between body boundary imagery, primordial thought language and emotional language. The results largely confirm the research hypotheses identifying the use of body boundary functions as a defense mechanism associated to borderline and narcissistic organization for separating trauma from conscious awareness and for containing a fragile self-image and body schema. BTD in Mein Kampf versus LOB corpusAn independent t-test showed that Hitler's Mein Kampf used significantly less barrier imagery than the G-section of the LOB corpus (MD = -0.95), 326 Cariola Int.