The Old Testament can be said to be an interpretation of life and beliefs at that time and period, namely in the world and beliefs of ancient Israel. In addition, the Old Testament is often considered the primary source for the history of religion and worship of ancient Israel. In the Old Testament found a presentation and description of the history of the ancestors of Israel as a nation until they entered the land of Canaan, and so on. This paper aims to reconstruct the history of Israel's religion in the context of the Old Testament world. To achieve this goal, the researcher uses a literature approach by analyzing the occurrence of the Old Testament canon, the context of the Old Testament, the history of the Israelites, and Israel's religion. The results of this study conclude that the religion of Israel occurred through the development process of the religious system that existed at that time. The claim that Israel's religion was imported from outside, then came into conflict with the Canaanite religious system basically has no religious historical basis. The emergence of varieties of monotheism that occurred in Israel around the 2nd century BC as recorded by Josephus was the culmination of an inclusive form of monotheism which gradually developed into exclusive monotheism during the Hellenistic period. This indicates that Israel's religious system in the era of the first temple was not monotheistic, but polytheistic which in practice often took the form of henotheism and monolatry. This research is expected to contribute to the study of theological topics, especially in the study of the formation of the nation and religion of Israel.
Along this times, motto or watchword is no longer interpreted as values that must be transmitted. This condition also causes polarization in society. The purpose of this research is to identify and elaborate the values contained in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and Religious Moderation to strengthen conception and practices of pluralism in Indonesia. This research used qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection were performed by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with experts in fields of multicultural education, historian and philologist. Based on results, interrelated values between Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and religious moderation are togetherness, justice, respect and harmony. Researchers also found several interpretations by this research on findings and discussion, i.e 1) Religious moderation teaches how to respond the differences, this is accordance with the principle of unity within diversity in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika; 2) Justice can realized not only when we act in an equality, but also when we are able to live coexistence where there is no envy of each other; 3) Conception of respect and empathy is a national commitment and part of togetherness value in Bhinneka Tunggal Ika; 4) Public empathy as an encouragement from collective awareness and also a sense of togetherness is several background for embodiment of behavior in implementation Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and religious moderation. From these values, step to put forward are mainstreaming of justice principle and recognition of different entities to strengthen pluralism in Indonesia both in education and wider community.
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