“…The implementation of traditional rituals by the Ngaju Dayak Tribe involves the use of many distinctive symbols, which can be displayed in both verbal and nonverbal forms (Kristin, Merilyn, & Rahmelia, 2022;Merilyn, 2018Merilyn, , 2020Susila, 2022bSusila, , 2022aSusila, , 2022cSusila & Pradita, 2022;Susila & Risvan, 2022). Verbal symbols may take the form of parables, rhymes, poems, proverbs, gestures, sounds (songs, music), colours, and forms (paintings and decorations) (Nugrahhu, 2020Nugrahhu & Wulandari, 2023;Sulistyowati, Nugrahhu, & Utami, 2021).…”