Inclusions entrapped by the solidifying front during continuous casting adversely affect the properties of the final steel products. In this study, we investigated the effect of the interfacial tension due to surfactant concentration, particularly sulfur, on alumina inclusion motion behavior during molten steel solidification in a continuous casting mold. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed in Ansys Fluent software to simulate the inclusion motion in a continuous casting mold. Further, the impacts of different values of the alumina inclusion diameter, sulfur concentration, and melt temperature were studied to understand the inclusion motion behavior. The inclusion diameter affected the inclusion distribution throughout the domain. The alumina inclusion entrapment percentage varied in the case of sulfur mixing (using an empirical relationship for modeling). It was found that the removal percentage varied according to the sulfur concentration. The addition of sulfur at concentrations from 10 ppm to 70 ppm resulted in a 4% increase in the removal of alumina inclusions (trapped in the solidifying shell), except for the 100-ppm case. Smaller-sized inclusion particles had a 25% higher chance of entrapment at the top level of the mold. Under the effect of a higher surface tension gradient between inclusions and the melt, the predicted findings show that inclusions were vulnerable to engulfment by the solidification front.
The current work is an expansion of our previous numerical model in which we investigated the motion behavior of mold inclusions in the presence of interfacial tension effects. In this paper, we used computational fluid dynamic simulations to examine the influence of interfacial tension on inclusion motion behavior near to the solid–liquid interface (solidifying shell). We have used a multiphase model in which molten steel (SPFH590), sulfur, and alumina inclusions have been considered as different phases. In addition, we assume minimal to negligible velocity at the solid–liquid interface, and we restrict the numerical simulation to only include critical phenomena like heat transport and interfacial tension distribution in two-dimensional space. The two-phase simulation of molten steel mixed with sulfur and alumina was modeled on volume of fluid (VOF) method. Furthermore, the concentration of the surfactant (sulfur) in molten steel was defined using a species model. The surfactant concentration and temperature affect the Marangoni forces, and subsequently affects the interfacial tension applied on inclusion particles. It was found that the alteration in interfacial tension causes the inclusion particles to be pushed and swallowed near the solidifying boundaries. In addition, we have compared the computational results of interfacial tension, and it was found to be in good agreement with experimental correlations.
The amputation of a lower limb for humans is one of the most traumatic experiences, both physically and emotionally. Prosthetic running blades provide disabled persons with an opportunity to participate in sports and thus help to improve their psychological health. They also allow them to participate in activities that were previously unavailable to them due to financial constraints. In the current study, we looked at how different materials affected the functionality of prosthetic running blades. We investigated the static behavior of a prosthetic running blade using finite element modeling. Under various load circumstances, we conducted numerical simulation using a variety of materials, including titanium alloy (grade 5), carbon fiber, stainless steel (AISI 316), and aluminum alloy (2024 T4). We studied three major load conditions: rest (700 N), walking (1400 N), and running (2200 N). To understand the performance depending on the selection of materials, we evaluated total deformation, equivalent stress, and strain energy in the design of our experiment. The titanium alloy is more durable and has a higher tensile strength. The high cost of manufacture for titanium alloy, however, is a major deterrent to its use in running blades. It was noticed that the aluminum alloy (2024 T4) blade goes under much deformation as compared to titanium and carbon fiber-made running blades. Furthermore, carbon fibers offer excellent mechanical properties, which are essential for creating running blades. It has outstanding tensile properties. Additionally, the low density of carbon fiber has the added advantage of making running blades lighter.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of heat transfer at Electron Beam Machine (EBM) Laboratory in Center for Accelerator Science and Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) are required to understand the heat transfer phenomena. The BATAN’s EBM is a typical 300 kV/20 mA. The room where EBM is based has to be set up according to the laboratory standard to perform at an optimum level. This work aims to evaluate if the installed two air conditioners with a total cooling capacity 160,000 Btu/hr inside the laboratory are sufficient to reach a temperature of 20 °C and atmospheric relative humidity (RH) from 45% to 55%. The laboratory was stacked up with brick, tinted glass window, aluminum door, and rolling door with a total volume of 836 m3. The experiment was performed in cloudy weather for six days from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and the data of temperatures at each spot were taken every one hour. There were three conditions of this experiment, air conditioner running with laboratory lamps set to be off, air conditioner running with laboratory lamps set to be on, and air conditioner running with laboratory lamps set to be on and insulating 10.5 m2 rolling door with 50 mm Styrofoam respectively every two days. The result showed that for the first condition, the average temperature of laboratory and atmospheric relative humidity (RH) was 22.5 °C and 59%, respectively. In the second condition, the average temperature of laboratory and atmospheric relative humidity (RH) was 21.9 °C and 65% respectively, whereas, in the third condition, the average temperature of laboratory and atmospheric relative humidity (RH) were 19.9 °C and 49% respectively. This result indicates that adding thermal insulation such as Styrofoam inside the building helps the air conditioners to reach its targeted temperature and RH.
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