The purpose of this article is to develop methodological approaches to assess the likelihood of multiplicative effects of hybrid threat combinations based on their systematization according to the key areas of hybrid confrontation. Methodology. Methods of analysis and synthesis are used to identify the key areas of hybrid confrontation; methods of abstraction and generalization - to justify the multiplicative effects of implementing combinations of hybrid threats; method of mathematical modeling – to formalize the criterion of effectiveness of various hybrid aggression tools. The research is based on scientific publications, materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and European analytical services. Results of the study. It has been proved that the transformation of modern interstate conflicts takes place in the direction of acquiring by them signs of hybridization, provided that it is understood as a process of using various means of pressure, predominantly of non-military nature. It is argued that the urgent task in the context of counteracting hybrid threats is to assess the probability of multiplicative effects from the implementation of their combinations. The military, economic and information spheres have been identified as key dimensions of the hybrid confrontation. The specifics of hybrid threats in the economic sphere are those that would allow the country initiating the aggression to disguise its participation in the conflict, and the target country to obtain critical resources for the development of its economic system. The essence of synergy and cumulation effects is considered and their interpretation in the coordinates of hybrid warfare is given. The relevant effects are defined as multiplicative, that is, those that have a multiplier effect, providing accumulation (accumulation) and synergy (amplification) from the implementation of threats in different areas of hybrid confrontation. Practical implications. Assessing the likelihood of the multiplier effect of a variety of hybrid threats will focus on countering those combinations of threats that can have a significant impact on the political and economic system of the state of hybrid aggression. Value/originality. Justification and formalization of conditions for obtaining multiplicative (cumulative and synergistic) effects from the use of various hybrid confrontation tools.
Increased trade and economic cooperation between countries includes inter-state agreements on trade facilitation and the promotion of a wide range of cooperation. In the face of current global challenges, cooperation among countries is taking, inter alia, forms of integration processes, significantly transforming the established system of foreign economic relations and including in the agenda issues that are outside the traditional economic discourse. The environmental dimension of economic policy has become one of the cornerstones in determining conformity with the best international practices of trade policy and its incorporation into the rules of economic spaces. The inclusion of Ukraine in the European Single Economic Area under the Association Agreement and the introduction of the European Green Deal require a review of the environmental aspects of trade policy. Addressing this issue demands, inter alia, the development of incentives for green export flows in the context of integration processes. The aim of the article is to define the determinative the role of environmental factors in the formulation of policies to promote green exports in the context of European integration. The formation of economic systems based on the principles of sustainable development has generated a list of risks and challenges that have influenced national governments and the global community to rethink traditional frameworks and incentives, transforming structural and sectoral policies and programmes. In the face of increasing environmental concerns and their impact on the quality of future generations life, the implementation of the European Green Deal could potentially serve as a model for emulation and implementation in the partner countries of the European Union, including Ukraine through close socio-economic and political inter-state relations. One of the biggest challenges for the national economy is the timely and adaptive introduction of appropriate long-term economic policies that will increase the competitiveness of green goods and services in the European market. Further research should focus on the development of enabling measures and tools to support the technological upgrading of environmental exporters and the removal of barriers to increase their presence in new markets.
Conceptual approaches to the definition of global cities are studied. The formation of global cities is analysed by regions. After an analysis of the world rankings of global cities, the author determines that the five leading cities – New York, London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong – have remained unchanged in recent years. An assessment of global initiatives to stimulate cities to implement environmental policy is given. The strategy of sustainable development of one of the global cities is considered on the example of Sydney and its integrated environmental development. The experience of the largest Ukrainian cities in the formation of environmental priorities in their development strategies is studied.
Research relevance. Multinational corporations (MNCs) activities influence is increasing on the national economies, regions and global economy nowadays. MNCs play a significant role in promoting innovation, investing in various sectors of the economy, solving local and global problems. On the one hand, the MNCs are now engines for digitization, on the other hand, the digitalization processes are transforming long standing approaches in business management, accelerating the internationalization of enterprises and transforming the methods of gaining competitive advantages in the global market. Research aim: to analyze the trends of MNCs development in the digital era. Research level. The transformation processes in multinational corporations has received the attention of scholars and experts. In particular, Buckley P., Kasson M., Lukyanenko D., Oriekhova T., Rogach A. were focused on the research of different aspects of MNCs transformations caused by internal and external aspects of development. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing pace of digitization, the specifics of the development of the MNCs need to be examined in more detail. The results of research. The progressive increase of business global expansion should be noted as one of the main trends in the internationalization processes since the middle of the twentieth century. Multinationals initially entered overseas markets in the headquarters region in the most cases, and if business development continued to be effective, they expanded globally. The transition from the first to the second phase has been extensive. The digitalization is changing both the speed of global reach of activity and the system of business organization in modern conditions. Furthermore, corporations, intensively exploiting digital technologies have grown more rapidly in recent years, displacing market leaders., Centene, Facebook, and Amazon are the three fastest growing companies according to latest Fortune Global 500 (2020). The first company is developing in the health care industry and its rise in 2020 could be linked to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting increased attention to health care system. Two others are digital technology companies. Facebook rose in 40 positions in the ranking, taking 144 place, and Amazon increased in 4 positions, ranking 9th. [1] It should be noted that these companies have maintained their leading growth rates within three years (fig. 1).
The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of digital trade on the transformation of the countries of the Middle East and Africa, and to define models of cooperation between them. The concepts of digital commerce, e-commerce and related issues have been researched and generalized. The concept of «digital trust» as a key asset for the development of digital trade and a list of stakeholders are considered. The study analyzes the prospects for economic growth in the Middle East and Africa in conditions of turbulence of the internal and external environment. Using data from international institutions, computations and analysis of the participation of countries of the region in international trade in services with digital delivery are carried out. Examples of companies based in the Middle East and Africa and involved in digital trading are provided. The article highlights approaches to regulation at the unilateral, bilateral and multilateral levels of digital trade processes and examines the peculiarities of trade policy in the region as a whole. It is noted that restrictive economic and trade policies towards international and local companies operating in the digital economy can significantly affect their competitiveness (for example, in the field of data exchange). The recommendations of international institutions on the regulation of digital policy are analyzed and systematized. It is proposed to identify priorities for stimulating digital trade in the countries of the region, including: improving the efficiency of data management and its accessibility for stakeholders; reforming the education system with prioritization of obtaining the knowledge and skills necessary for digital transformation. It is determined that the limiting factor is the current insufficient institutional capacity to regulate the digital economy at both the national and the regional levels. Further study and deeper research requires the issue of development of mechanisms for improving the efficiency of trade policy and accelerating digital transformation in the countries of the region.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.