T HE presented materials deal with the topical problem of rhizogenesis induction and rooting of genus paulownia plants obtained by in vitro method. According to the research results, the optimal composition of the nutrient medium for the regenerants cultivation on the stage of rhizogenesis induction has been defined, the technologically optimal age of the regenerants for the in vitro -ex vitro transition, the depth of the seedlings, the number of post-septic nipples has been established. The obtained results allow to improve the technological process at the stages of rhizogenesis induction and plants rooting during the post-septic adaptation.
The problem statement. Hazelnut is a valuable nut culture, which is quite profitable in economic way. A deterrent to an extensive cultivation of hazelnut in Ukraine is a low ratio of breeding in a conventional methods. The alternative to solving this problem may be the method of microclonal propagation, which is actively implemented in commercial purposes. The difficulties of hazelnut microclonal propagation exist on every stage of this technology: 1) introduction to aseptic conditions; 2) multiplication in vitro; 3) rhizogenesis induction; 4) postaseptic adaptation. The aim of the research. The article deals with problem aspects of hazelnut microclonal propagation and analyzes the ways of solving these problems based on the own research results. In particular, the influence of phenol emergence, culture medium, type, concentration and method of phytohormones application on root formation and proliferation are examined. Materials and methods. The research was held in a standart laboratory conditions. The object of research are hazelnut plants variaties such as Córylus Trapezund, Corylus avellana Syrena, Corylus colurna. It is established that rhizogenesis and proliferation processes are induced by trophic and hormone determinants. Results and discussion. Using the DKW culture medium is recommended to optimize the hazelnut micriclonal propagation process. I was found out that the use of activated carbon and explants transplantation on the early stages neutralizes phenol emergence. In order to resolve the difficulties of the phenol emergence the effectiveness of such points as cultivation of mother plans in the presence of diffused light in depositary condition, introduction of plant though by meristemas separation, buds awakening, the addition of PPM Plant Preservative Mixture biocide and polyvinylpyrolidone into the culture medium were established. At the multiplication stage 1.5 mg/l of benzylaminopurine is added into the culture medium. The influence of different concnetrations of activated carbon on rhizogenesis on the background of 3 mg/l of auxin indolebutyric acid was stidued. The activated carbon obscures the culture medium, adsorbes toxines, therefore it has an effective impact on root formation. Among the comparative concentration the optimal one is 2.5g/l of the medium. The possibility of using the greenhouse for postaceptic regenerants adaptation is shown. Conclusions. Processing plants and substrate with Previcur Energi improves their establishment and stimulates the growth. Key words: microclonal propagation, decontamination, phenol self-poisoning, phytohormones, rhizogenesis induction, postaseptic adaptation.
In general, the average annual loss of humus was 1.96 t/ha, 1.14 t/ha and 0.24 t/ha, respectively, for zero, first and second fertilizer levels in crop rotation, while the increase for the third level made 0.44 t/ha. At the highest fertilizer rate, total nitrogen reserves in crop rotation increased by 0.89 t/ ha. The annual application of 12 tons of manure + N95P82K72 per hectare of arable land ensured a deficit-free balance of humus in crop rotations and a slight decrease of 2.3 % of ammonia nitrogen in the arable layer over five years, which did not exceed LSD0.05. With the highest fertilizer rate, the ammonia nitrogen content in the black soil typical for five years increased by 2.0 mg/kg in total in crop rotations. The fertilizer rate of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 stabilized the mineral nitrogen content in the soil and the dose 159 of 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 significantly increased the level in the crop rotation. Increase of available phosphorus content and potassium exchange in soil at the application of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 was not significant and made 1.0 mg/kg. The highest fertilizer rate significantly increased the content of these nutrients in the typical black soil arable layer. Over five years, exchange acidity at zero, first, second and third fertilizer levels decreased by 0.11, 0.10, 0.16 and 0.22, respectively, with the total for crop rotation of LSD0.05 0.12. Soil hydrolytic acidity for crop rotation at zero and first fertilizer levels increased by 0.15, and at second and third fertilizer levels – by 0.20 and 0.28 mg – eq/100g, respectively. The degree of soil saturation with the bases decreased during the rotation period at fertilized and unfertilized plots, but significant decrease was observed only at application of 16 tons of manure + N112P100K86 per hectare of arable land. The content of calcium exchange cations in the soil only decreased significantly during the rotation period when the highest fertilizer rate was applied annually. No significant deviations were found in the content of magnesium exchange cations in the soil. The crop rotations at unfertilized plots, fertilized with 8 t/ha of manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 were 2.35, 3.61; 4.77 and 5.77 t/ha dry matter respectively, 3.21; 5.04; 6.64 and 8.00 t/ ha feed units, 0.296; 0.422; 0.560 and 0.691 t/ha digestible protein at LDS0.05, 0.38; 0.51 and 0.043 t/ha, respectively. Key words: fertilizers, crop rotation, soil, crop, agrochemical properties, rotation period, yield, productivity.
The influence of four basic tillage systems and four fertilizer systems on changes in productive soil moisture and water consumption by agrophytocenoses was studied within years 2017–2020 in the fve-feld crop rotation on typical black soil (chernozems) of the Bila Tserkva NAU experimental feld. It is established that the productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the phase of soybean germination are almost the same for moldboard, differentiated, disk and shallow types of tillage, but quite lower for chisel one; in the phases of the budding beginning and maturity of grain this indicator is the lowest for moldboard tillage, and the highest for moldboardless tillage. In the phase of winter wheat germination, as well as earing and full ripeness of grain, this rate is almost at the same level for moldboard, differentiated and shallow tillage, and for chisel one – 9–12 % higher compared to the reference level; in the phase of spring vegetation restoration no noticeable difference between tillage options was recorded. In the phase of sunflower seedlings there was the largest amount of the productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in the conditions of moldboardless plowing; the rest of tillage have shown almost the same amount of productive moisture; in the phase of the flowering beginning and full maturity of seeds, they are 3–5 % higher for moldboardless plowing, and 2–3 and 4–6 % lower for differentiated and disk tillage respectively than the reference one. In the phases of tube yielding, earing and full ripeness of spring barley grain, it is 11, 5 and 4 % higher compared to the reference rate for moldboardless plowing, differentiated and disk tillage respectively. For moldboard, chisel, differentiated tillage and shallow tillage, the water consumption coefcient of soybeans was 109, 120, 113 and 131 mm/t respectively. With moldboardless, differentiated and disc tillage, it is 11,5 and 4 % higher in winter wheat, respectively, than the reference level. Crop rotation productivity for moldboard and differentiated tillage at the same level, and for moldboardless and disk – signifcantly lower. Key words: crop rotation, crop, tillage, fertilizers, productive moisture, water consumption coefcient, total water consumption, productivity.
The nature of subjective positioning on the role of crop rotations in agriculture from many points of view, namely – agrochemical, biological, geological and energetic. This leads to the belief that crop rotation arose as a need for reasonable human interaction with nature, a careful attitude to it. However, a comprehensive ecological and biosphere approach to understanding the essence of crop rotation requires the resolution of certain contradictions that arise in the implementation of modern farming systems. Based on the data of long-term feld experiments, the main indicators of the biological cycle of humus carbon in black soil are calculated. The calculation is based on the balance of humus as the difference between the fnal and initial content and reserves in the soil under different crop rotations. We found that the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil and, ultimately, on crop yields and crop rotation productivity. Against this background, a positive balance of humus (+1.29 t/ha) and total nitrogen (+80 kg/ha) in the soil is observed. Strengthening the organic fertilizer system by using, in addition to manure, by-products of crops – cereal straw, peas, corn stalks contributed to the formation of a positive balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil: the annual accumulation of humus was 0.28 t/ha, nitrogen 14 kg/ha. Due to the humifcation of crop residues of cereals, peas and perennial legumes during the 7-year study period in the soil of control crop rotation 1 formed humus 2.85 t/ha, in crop rotation 14 with grasses – 7.0, the rest of crop rotations – from 3.4 up to 4.0 t/ha. In general, 5.5 % of the initial stock of humus or 8.9 t/ha was mineralized in the crop rotation without fertilizers during the specifed period. If we add to this about 3 t/ha of humus, the decomposition of which in the process of mineralization was compensated by plant residues, then during this period decomposed about 12 t/ha of humus. This value of mineralization characterizes the parameters of the biological cycle of humus in the control crop rotation. Key words: soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, crop yield, crop rotation productivity, plant residues, humifcation, humus, humus mineralization, humus balance.
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