Four year research (2015–2018) at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University proved that plant residues and non-market products of the field five course grain row rotation are important sources for soil humus formation. On the unfertilized areas, fertilized withn8 t/ha of animal manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of animal manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86 humus percentage formed due to humification of plants matter was correspondently 51.4; 40.3; 37.7 and 36.1 %, with animal manure – 0; 15.3; 17.2 and 18.7 %, with by-products of farming – 44.0; 40.8; 41.7 and 42.1 %, with herbage of white mustard – 4.6; 3.6; 3.4 and 3.1 %. With the increase of fertilizers level this index regarding plants matter and green manure decreases, while animal manure provides for the index slight increase. On the unfertilized areas humus balance under cultivated crops as sunfl ower and corn is negative, but under other crops in rotation it is positive. On the fertilized areas under all crops this index is positive. When applying the biggest amount of fertilizers, annual gain in soil humus is 1.1 t/ha. Humus balance is negative on all the variants of research under the condition of disposal of non-market products from the fi elds of crop rotation. Along with plants matter, plant by-products and herbage of white mustard the amount of humus provided to the soil was equal to the application of correspondently 14–33, 12–36 and 1.3–2.6 t of animal manure per hectare of tilled fi eld. Under zero, the fi rst, the second and the third levels of soil fertilization, soil received correspondently 4.08; 5.98; 7.46 and 8.73 t of plants matter 68–71 % of which are root and the others are above surface. The percentage of by-products of crops in the rotation increases with fertilizers amount increase. Soy, winter wheat, sunfl ower and spring barley have a bigger gain in above surface rather than root mass due to increase of fertilizers amount. The highest productivity from one hectare of tilled fi eld in a crop rotation (5.63 t of dry matter, 7.84 t of fodder units, 0.671 t of digestible protein) is gained due to application of 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86, though the most economically viable amount is 12 t/ha animal manure + N95P82K72. Key words: humus balance, soil, fertilizers, crop, by-products, plants matter, crop rotation, grain crops, index of ecologization, productivity.
The influence of four main tillage systems and four fertilization systems on biological reactivity of a plow layer of typical chernozemic soil under agrophytocenosis of five crops was investigated during four year research (2016–2019) of the stationary field grain row crop rotation. Loss of mass of flax linen in a plow layer of soil during two months of the study characterizing the intensity of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms under beard, beardless, differential and disc tillage made correspondingly 24.5; 22.7; 23.4 and 23.3 % – for soybeans; 16.3; 15.7; 15.9 and 16.2 % for winter wheat, 24.1; 22.8; 24.7 and 22.6 % – for sunflowers, 27.7; 24.1; 25.1 and 23.7 % – for spring barley, 21.9; 19.9; 22.4 and 19.0 % – for corn. Steady surface and beardless tillage strengthen the differentiation of a plow layer according to the intensity indices of flax linen decomposing while the beard one tillage decreases. The most heterogenic plow layer was observed under beardless tillage; it was a bit lower under disk tillage in a crop rotation. The intensity of flax linen decomposing on the top of a plow layer (0–10 cm) is the highest under beardless tillage and the lowest under beard tillage, while in the bottom (20–30 cm) of a plow layer an inverse relation can be observed. The intensity of carbon dioxide production by the soil under soybeans, winter wheat and spring barley is the highest under beard tillage and the lowest it is for soybeans under beardless and differential tillage, for winter wheat, sunflowers and spring barley under beardless tillage and for corn under disc tillage. For sunflowers and corn this index is higher under differential rather than under beard tillage in a crop rotation. The biological reactivity of a plow layer of a typical chornozemic soil increases as the fertilizers application rates increase. Crop rotation productivity is almost at the same level under beard and beard-beardless tillage in a crop rotation. Systematic beardless and surface disc tillage decreases this index significantly. Key words: soil, crop, crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, flax linen, carbon dioxide, plow layer, heterogeneity.
The influence of four basic tillage systems and four fertilizer systems on changes in productive soil moisture and water consumption by agrophytocenoses was studied within years 2017–2020 in the fve-feld crop rotation on typical black soil (chernozems) of the Bila Tserkva NAU experimental feld. It is established that the productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the phase of soybean germination are almost the same for moldboard, differentiated, disk and shallow types of tillage, but quite lower for chisel one; in the phases of the budding beginning and maturity of grain this indicator is the lowest for moldboard tillage, and the highest for moldboardless tillage. In the phase of winter wheat germination, as well as earing and full ripeness of grain, this rate is almost at the same level for moldboard, differentiated and shallow tillage, and for chisel one – 9–12 % higher compared to the reference level; in the phase of spring vegetation restoration no noticeable difference between tillage options was recorded. In the phase of sunflower seedlings there was the largest amount of the productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in the conditions of moldboardless plowing; the rest of tillage have shown almost the same amount of productive moisture; in the phase of the flowering beginning and full maturity of seeds, they are 3–5 % higher for moldboardless plowing, and 2–3 and 4–6 % lower for differentiated and disk tillage respectively than the reference one. In the phases of tube yielding, earing and full ripeness of spring barley grain, it is 11, 5 and 4 % higher compared to the reference rate for moldboardless plowing, differentiated and disk tillage respectively. For moldboard, chisel, differentiated tillage and shallow tillage, the water consumption coefcient of soybeans was 109, 120, 113 and 131 mm/t respectively. With moldboardless, differentiated and disc tillage, it is 11,5 and 4 % higher in winter wheat, respectively, than the reference level. Crop rotation productivity for moldboard and differentiated tillage at the same level, and for moldboardless and disk – signifcantly lower. Key words: crop rotation, crop, tillage, fertilizers, productive moisture, water consumption coefcient, total water consumption, productivity.
In general, the average annual loss of humus was 1.96 t/ha, 1.14 t/ha and 0.24 t/ha, respectively, for zero, first and second fertilizer levels in crop rotation, while the increase for the third level made 0.44 t/ha. At the highest fertilizer rate, total nitrogen reserves in crop rotation increased by 0.89 t/ ha. The annual application of 12 tons of manure + N95P82K72 per hectare of arable land ensured a deficit-free balance of humus in crop rotations and a slight decrease of 2.3 % of ammonia nitrogen in the arable layer over five years, which did not exceed LSD0.05. With the highest fertilizer rate, the ammonia nitrogen content in the black soil typical for five years increased by 2.0 mg/kg in total in crop rotations. The fertilizer rate of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 stabilized the mineral nitrogen content in the soil and the dose 159 of 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 significantly increased the level in the crop rotation. Increase of available phosphorus content and potassium exchange in soil at the application of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 was not significant and made 1.0 mg/kg. The highest fertilizer rate significantly increased the content of these nutrients in the typical black soil arable layer. Over five years, exchange acidity at zero, first, second and third fertilizer levels decreased by 0.11, 0.10, 0.16 and 0.22, respectively, with the total for crop rotation of LSD0.05 0.12. Soil hydrolytic acidity for crop rotation at zero and first fertilizer levels increased by 0.15, and at second and third fertilizer levels – by 0.20 and 0.28 mg – eq/100g, respectively. The degree of soil saturation with the bases decreased during the rotation period at fertilized and unfertilized plots, but significant decrease was observed only at application of 16 tons of manure + N112P100K86 per hectare of arable land. The content of calcium exchange cations in the soil only decreased significantly during the rotation period when the highest fertilizer rate was applied annually. No significant deviations were found in the content of magnesium exchange cations in the soil. The crop rotations at unfertilized plots, fertilized with 8 t/ha of manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 were 2.35, 3.61; 4.77 and 5.77 t/ha dry matter respectively, 3.21; 5.04; 6.64 and 8.00 t/ ha feed units, 0.296; 0.422; 0.560 and 0.691 t/ha digestible protein at LDS0.05, 0.38; 0.51 and 0.043 t/ha, respectively. Key words: fertilizers, crop rotation, soil, crop, agrochemical properties, rotation period, yield, productivity.
The problem statement. For the last two decades in Ukraine a fast decrease in chornozemic soil fertility, especially a decline of its agrochemical properties, has been noticed. One of the way of improvement its fertility is to develop and implement scientifically-based resource-saving and soil-protective system of tillage operations along with rational fertilization of field crops on the tilled soil. The aim of the research – with the help of a field experiment to define a rational system of main tillage and fertilization of typical chornozemic soil under a grain row five course rotation which provides 5,5 t/ha of dry matter from a tilled field under the expanded reproduction of agrochemical indices of soil fertility and appropriate energetic efficiency. Conclusions. Under disc and beardless tillage especially of fertilized areas a differentiation of tilled soil layer according to the agrochemical indices of its fertility is observed. A stabilization of humus and general nitrogen content as well as fertilizer elements in a tilled soil layer occurs under application of 8 t/ha of pus + N76P64K57. The efficiency of humification processes in soil is the lowest under disc tillage and the highest under beard-beardless and beard tillage in a crop rotation. Along with the increase of soil depth of its tilled layer, annual decrease of its general nitrogen supply on the untilled areas under beard and differential tillage falls down. However, under beardless and disc tillage it increases. An inverse relation is observed on the untilled areas. Under beard and beard-beardless tillage almost the same crop rotation productivity was obtained, while under beardless and disc tillage the productivity was significantly lower. For a field grain row five course crop rotation of Right Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine a deep arable tillage is recommended only in one filed, and in the rest fields beardless and disc tillage with the application of 8 tones of pus per hectare of tilled field + N76P64K57 under a common reproduction and 12 t/ha of pus + N95P82K57 under expanded reproduction of typical chornozemic soil fertility is recommended. Key words: soil, tillage, crop rotation, fertilizers, fertility, rotation.
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