T HE EXTENSIVE use of methyl esters of fatty acids in fat analysis has created a need for rapid and economical methods for their preparation. The usual method of saponifyizg fats with alcoholic alkali hydroxides, decomposing the soaps and esterifying fatty acids with methanol, is time-consuming and requires comparatively large amounts of solvents. Conversion of the soaps directly into nlethyl esters by double exchange with dimethyl sulphate has been suggested (1), but alkali catalyzed methanolysis of triglycerides on the lines suggested by Bradshaw and Meuly (2) seems to be more convenient, particularly in the case of large samples. According to Bradshaw and Meuly's original method, about 0.5% of alkali hydroxide and 1.2-1.75 equivalents of methanol are employed, but since the catalyst is gradually used up with the simultaneous formation of soap, the yield of esters usually does not exceed 98%. The efficiency of several other catalysts, beside sodium hydroxide, was therefore determined from the amount of glycerol set free and the degree of soap formation. Sodium methoxide was found to ensure a practically complete aleoholysis, but since it is known to promote a migration of double bonds and other secondary reactions, its use is not always advisable. Contrary to expectations magnesium and aluminum alkoxides were without effect whereas the oxides of calcium, strontium, and barium were moderately effective. Apart from sodium methoxide the best results were obtained with ignited potassium carbonate, especially when used in quantities of about 10% of the fat. Sodium carbonate and weak organic bases, such as triethanolamine, had very little effect. It might be mentioued that Purdie, who discovered the catalytic effect of sodium methoxide in the interaction of ethyl fumarate and methanol (3), was also first to stress the usefulness of potassium carbonate for this purpose.The addition of ignited potassic carbonate produces the same effect as sadie methoxide; the carbonate of sodium and litZaium, or ignited borax act in the same manner, but more slowly. The effect of these reagents is probably due to the presence of small quantities of caustic alkali (4).These remarks seem to apply likewise to the presellt work on the methanolysis of triglycerides.
SummaryVelocity constants of the Twitchell hydrolysis have been calculated from recently published experimental data and found to increase approximately twofold for a 10°C. rise around the temperature of 100°C. This seems to indicate that the rate of reaction is governed by hydrolysis rather than by diffusion of water into the fat phase (and of glycerol into water).Preheating to 150°C. reduces the efficiency of the old type of Twitchell catalyst but does not affect the “Kontakt” reagent. The increasing of the temperatures from 100°C. to 150°C. substantially accelerates the hydrolysis independent of the type of Twitchell reagent employed.
There seems to exist a relatively common opinion about the apocalyptic circles in Judaism, which Dr Russell in his book on Jewish apocalyptic expresses in these words: ‘In answer to the prophets’ cry ‘How long, O Lord, how long?’, the apocalyptists gave the year, the day and the hour'. And in his classical study,Die Eschatologie der jüdischen Gemeinde, P. Volz stated: ‘Die zahlenmässige Berechnung des Weltendes ist vor allem das characteristische Geschäft des Apokalyptikers.’
Apparently the early Church baptized her converts from the very beginning 1 'into the name of Jesus'-or some similar phrase. 2 But what does this phrase mean? The opinio communis among New Testament scholars seems to be that the person baptized was dedicated to Jesus, having become his property. 3 But with all respect to the scholars who have discussed the phrase and its variants, I am not entirely convinced that they have done justice to it. So this paper presents a reassessment of the problem with a consideration of some complementary Jewish material. W. Heitmiiller laid the scholarly foundation of the opinio communis cited above. For his classical study Im Namenjesu (1903), 4 he was able to use the papyri which made their way to the scholars' desks around the beginning of the twentieth century. In them he found 'into the name' used in Graeco-Hellenistic banking terminology, the 'name' being that of a person to whose account something was credited. These observations naturally led to the interpretation that Jesus is the heavenly Kurios to whose ownership the baptized person was transferred. Instead of interpretation from Greek parallels, another has been advanced by P. Billerbeck, inter alios, with reference to Hebrew-Aramaic usage. 5 It was
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