Effect of temperature on the twitchell fat splitting process and its catalysts

Hartman, Lars

doi:10.1007/bf02633765

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For example, the Twitchell fat splitting process operated at milder conditions catalyzed by the Twitchell reagent, which is composed of hydrocarbons, oleic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid. 11,12 However, the use of strong homogeneous acids could increase corrosiveness and produce a large amount of industrial wastewater. Triglycerides splitting into FAs catalyzed by lipases could be carried out under mild conditions, usually at 35 °C and atmospheric pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, a catalyst can lower the activation energy of the reaction. For example, the Twitchell fat splitting process operated at milder conditions catalyzed by the Twitchell reagent, which is composed of hydrocarbons, oleic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid. , However, the use of strong homogeneous acids could increase corrosiveness and produce a large amount of industrial wastewater. Triglycerides splitting into FAs catalyzed by lipases could be carried out under mild conditions, usually at 35 °C and atmospheric pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrolysis of Vegetable Oils to Fatty Acids Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Luo

Xue

Fan

et al. 2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This work reports the hydrolysis of vegetable oils catalyzed by SO 3 H-functional Brønsted acidic ionic liquids at moderate hydrolysis temperature and reaction time. The results demonstrated that the catalytic activity of ionic liquids is in the sequence 1-(4-sulfonic group) butylcaprolactamium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO 3 -bCPL][HSO 4 ]) > 1-(4-sulfonic group) butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO 3 -bPy][HSO 4 ]) > 1-(4-sulfonic group) butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO 3 -bMIM][HSO 4 ]) > 1-(4-sulfonic group) butyltriethylaminium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO 3 -bTEA][HSO 4 ]). In the batch reactor, the reaction conditions of the hydrolysis in the presence of [HSO 3 -bCPL][HSO 4 ] were investigated and optimized. The yield of fatty acids was greater than 95 wt% at [HSO 3 -bCPL][HSO 4 ] dosage of 8 wt% (based on the weight of oil), water/oil molar ratio of 10:1, hydrolysis temperature of 180 °C, and hydrolysis time of 6 h. The catalytic performance of this ionic liquid remained excellent even after reuse six times.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrolysis of Vegetable Oils to Fatty Acids Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Luo

Xue

Fan

et al. 2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…In general, the use of catalysts can reduce the activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction . For example; the Twitchell fat hydrolysis was performed under mild conditions using the Twitchell reagent, a catalyst composed of oleic acid, H 2 SO 4 , and hydrocarbons . However, the use of strong homogeneous acids could cause many disadvantages such as equipment corrosion, separation difficulty, side reactions, and massive industrial waste‐water .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation for fatty acids production from lard oil

Ding

Lü³

et al. 2018

Can J Chem Eng

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An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation was developed for fatty acids (FAs) production from lard oil. Both sulphonated cation exchange resin (SCER) and 0.98 g/g H 2 SO 4 as catalysts were used to produce fatty acids (FAs) from lard oil by three-step hydrolysis, respectively. Simultaneously, polyethersulphone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane was employed to separate glycerol and water from the products. The hydrophilicity and morphology of the pristine and used PES membranes were characterized by contact angle measurement and field-emission scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. The final optimal yields of FAs obtained by SCER and H 2 SO 4 catalysis at 100 8C and atmospheric pressure were 85.6 % at 16.0 h of operation and 94.5 % at 18.0 h of operation, respectively. Furthermore, the yield of FAs obtained from an integrated process of SCER-catalyzed hydrolysis and membrane separation achieved up to 99.9 % at 10.0 h, 90 8C, and operating pressure of 100 kPa.

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Twitchell Process

2010

Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents

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This reaction is an industrial process for hydrolyzing fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol, which is generally carried out in a loosely closed wooden, lead‐lined or acid‐resistant vat where the mixtures of fats or oils, water, sulfuric acid, and sulfonated mixture of oleic or other fatty acid (e.g., stearylsulfonic acid) and naphthalene are boiled for 36–48 h using open steam. The process is often repeated, and the glycerol solution is drawn off after each stage; the fatty acids produced are used for soap, while glycerol is primarily used for explosives (i.e., glycerol dynamite). In the literature, this process is generally known as the Twitchell process. The study finds some limitations of this process. This process has been used to produce fatty acids for soap and glycerol for explosive but has not been currently used.

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Effect of temperature on the twitchell fat splitting process and its catalysts

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Hydrolysis of Vegetable Oils to Fatty Acids Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

Hydrolysis of Vegetable Oils to Fatty Acids Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation for fatty acids production from lard oil

Twitchell Process

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