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Background In our previous study, about 75% of cow’s milk-allergic children tolerated baked-milk products, which improved their prognosis and quality of life. Objective We sought to identify biomarkers of varying degrees of clinical tolerance among a cohort of cow’s milk-allergic children. Methods 132 subjects were initially classified as baked-milk-reactive, baked-milk-tolerant or “outgrown milk allergy” based on oral food challenges. The baked-milk tolerant group was then divided into 3 groups based upon the amount and degree of heat-denatured milk protein that they could tolerate. Serum was analyzed for allergen-specific IgE and IgG4, basophil reactivity was assessed in whole blood stimulated with serial 10-fold dilutions of milk protein, and prick skin tests were performed to commercial milk extract. Activated basophils were defined using flow cytometry as CD63brightCD203c+CD123+HLA-DRdim/−CD41a− lineage−. Data were analyzed using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Results Significant differences across the five clinical groups were seen for median casein- and milk-specific IgE, casein-specific IgG4 and casein IgE/IgG4; milk-specific to non-specific basophil activation ratio, median basophil reactivity, and spontaneous basophil activation (CD203c expression following stimulation with RPMI); and milk PST wheal diameters. Casein- and milk-specific IgE, milk-specific basophil reactivity and milk prick skin test wheal diameter are all significantly greater among milk-allergic patients who react to baked-milk than among those who tolerate it. Conclusions The majority of milk-allergic patients are able to tolerate some forms of baked-milk in their diets. Different phenotypes of cow’s milk-allergic children can be distinguished by casein- and milk-specific IgE, milk-specific basophil reactivity, and milk prick skin test mean wheal diameters. Spontaneous basophil activation is greater among patients with more severe clinical milk reactivity.

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14 of those (77.8%) maintained an eliciting dose of > _1000 mg at month 38. Local patch-site skin reactions were common but decreased over time. There was no treatment-related epinephrine use in years 2 or 3. Compliance was high (96.9%), and withdrawals due to treatment-related adverse events were low (1%). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that daily EPIT treatment for peanut allergy beyond 1 year leads to continued response from a well-tolerated, simple-to-use regimen. (J

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Food allergy and anaphylaxis is increasing in Australian children, and anaphylaxis is relatively common in Australian schools. This review aims to provide an overview of current policies and practices for anaphylaxis management in Australian schools, including approaches to risk mitigation and anaphylaxis training. We reviewed literature related to anaphylaxis training in the school setting published between 2010 and 2018. Current anaphylaxis policies/guidelines were obtained from Australian education and health departments, and reports of suspected anaphylaxis and adrenaline autoinjector (AAI) use for 2016-2017 were obtained from education departments where available. Our review of policies/ guidelines across Australian jurisdictions indicates inconsistent approaches to anaphylaxis management training. Almost half of Australian school anaphylaxis events required a general-use AAI, administered to students not identified as at risk of anaphylaxis. Development of clear, evidencebased, consistent guidelines related to anaphylaxis management and training in the school setting is imperative to minimise risk. Why Is Anaphylaxis in the School Setting an Issue?Food allergy (FA) is common in Australia, with up to 1 in 20 school aged children having proven FA. 1,2 There has been a commensurate increase in anaphylaxis presentations to Key Points1 Anaphylaxis occurs relatively commonly in the school setting in children known to be at risk of anaphylaxis and may occur in individuals not previously identified as at risk of severe allergic reactions. 2 There is no national mandated approach to training school staff in the recognition and management of anaphylaxis in schools, and significant variations exist in the approach between states and the public and independent school sectors. 3 Timely administration of adrenaline and correct positioning of individuals experiencing anaphylaxis are key modifiable factors that can potentially save lives during anaphylaxis.

A 10-month-old girl with marked symptomatic dermographism presented with linear bands at the sock line noted to have developed following an episode of localized urticaria and angioedema at the sock line. We speculate that release of mast cell mediators associated with the dermographism may have triggered the development of the linear bands.

The cause of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) is unknown. We investigated the immune-mediated inflammatory hypothesis of SALS by assaying interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with SALS. These cytokines were measured in the CSF from patients with SALS (n=11), patients with immune-mediated inflammatory central nervous system or nerve root disorders (n=12), and patients with other neurological diseases (n=15) by high sensitivity sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples were below the assay detection limits of 0.5 pg/ml for IL-12 and 8 pg/ml for IFN-gamma. There was no difference between the groups in the mean concentration of IL-6. There is no evidence in cerebrospinal fluid for induction of a T(H)1 immune response in SALS.