Biodiesel is a renewable energy that is expected to replace diesel. The process of making biodiesel is constrained due to the limited solubility of the reactants. One way to increase the solubility is to add a co-solvent that can dissolve polar and non-polar materials. Methyl ester is the best co-solvent because it is cheap and can shorten the stages of the biodiesel manufacturing process. The aim of the research was to obtain the optimum conditions for the transesterification process with the addition of co-solvent methyl ester. The operating conditions of the study were palm oil raw material, 1% NaOH catalyst mass, oil : methanol molar ratio = 1:6, stirring speed 100 rpm, reaction temperature 70 ⁰C, reaction time (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes) and the mass of co-solvent (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). The optimum conditions of the study obtained the optimum FAME yield of 57.33% in the transesterification reaction of palm oil with 15% co-solvent methyl ester at a reaction time of 15 minutes. At the optimum condition obtained FAME concentration of 96.63% which meets SNI 7182-2015.
Bio charcoal is one type of fuel in the form of charcoal made from various kinds of biological or biomass material, which includes agricultural waste, forestry waste, agro-industrial waste, animal waste from livestock waste. Bio charcoal is produced from the carbonization process or the charcoal process of materials containing carbon (biomass). One of the biomass that has the potential to be used as raw material for bio charcoal is poultry manure originating from poultry livestock waste. The composition of poultry livestock waste (chicken manure) is crude protein by 9.97-12.67% and crude fiber by 30.36-32.65. This study aims to determine the optimal carbonization temperature and particle size in the carbonization process so that optimal Fixed Carbon level can be obtained by using variations in the size of Chicken Manure Particles, namely: 30 mesh, 40 mesh, 50 mesh, and Charcoal temperature: 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300° C. Stages of the process carried out is drying chicken manure to the weight of constant chicken manure (water content < 10%) and then mashed and sieved to sizes of 30, 40, and 50 mesh and the last stage is the charcoal process of chicken manure with variations in temperature of 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300° C until the perfect charcoal process. From this study, the best parameter is obtained at 350° C and 50 mesh particle size with 45% Fixed Carbon content, 3.26% moisture content, 41% ash content, and volatile matter content 22%.
The process of transesterification is slow due to the low solubility of triglycerides in methanol. The limitation of mass transfer can be overcome by adding a co-solvent. Co-solvent FAME is the right choice because it is the product of the reaction itself so that it does not require a separation process. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of FAME as a co-solvent in the transesterification of palm oil and its application to the combustion engine. The operating conditions were palm oil mass of 250 gr, NaOH catalyst 1.2% wt, stirring speed 100 rpm, reaction temperature 70oC, ratio molar of oil:methanol =1:6, reaction time (5,10,15,20,25,30 minutes), and co-solvent (0,5,10,15% wt). After the optimum conditions are obtained, the next step is to make biodiesel on a semi pilot plant scale. Oil, methanol, NaOH and co-solvent were put into a stirred reactor and heated at a reaction temperature of 70⁰C. After the reaction is complete then it is flowed into the separator for separation by adding hot water to form 2 layers. The top layer is biodiesel which was analyzed and performance test on the combustion engine. The optimum condition of the process is a reaction time of 10 minutes and the addition of 10% co-solvent, with a yield of 76.7783%. The results of the analysis of SNI 7182:2012 states that biodiesel meets almost all requirements. From the biodiesel performance test on the combustion engine, B10 got quite satisfactory results for the torque and opacity test parameters.
Pengusaha tempe “Diwas Jaya Purwodadi” merupakan salah satu pemasok tempe di Pasar Lawang Kabupaten Malang, pada proses pembuatannya menggunakan teknologi sederhana. Perebusan kedelai menggunakan bahan bakar kayu dan tangki perebusan menggunakan bahan aluminium. Bahan bakar kayu yang digunakan perbulan sebanyak 2 pickup dengan harga Rp600.000,00. Ruang pembersihan kulit kedelai, jadi satu dengan kandang sapi, ruang fermentasi berdinding batu bata dan berlantai tanah. Ruang produksi menjadi satu dengan rumah induk, sehingga asap pembakaran kayu bakar masuk ke dalam ruangan. Ditengarai oleh dokter puskesmas, ini salah satu penyebab dari penyakit sesak napas yang diderita oleh istri pengusaha tempe Diwas Jaya. Dari hasil produksi dan pemasaran yang dilaksanakan, laba kotor tanpa hitungan tiga pekerja perhari sebesar Rp 150.000,00. Oleh karena itu solusi dan rencana kegiatan yang diusulkan adalah pembuatan tungku kayu hemat energi (TUYUHEJI) yang ramah lingkungan, perbaikan fasilitas fermentasi, pembuatan media pemasaran on-line, pembuatan software administrasi keuangan. Setelah memakai TUYUHEJI terbukti adanya penurunan pemakaian bahan bakar 50%, tidak ada asap yang berasal dari pembakaran kayu, waktu pemasakan kedelai menjadi lebih pendek dan terjadi kenaikan produksi 20%. Pada waktu awal sekolah dan waktu banyak hajatan, semua pengusaha tempe mengalami penurunan,sehingga dilakukan pelatihan tambahan untuk membuat makanan berbahan dasar tempe. Adanya peningkatan pemahaman tentang sanitasi dan higienitas makanan serta keamanan pangan, sehingga tempat pendinginan kedelai dan tempat fermentasi semakin rapih dan bersih, susunan kedelai lebih kompak, rasa tempe menjadi lebih enak, dan pada tempe tidak ada mikroba e-coli. Dengan pemahaman manajemen usaha, sekarang telah ada laporan keuangan secara tertulis.
In the transesterification process, the problem is the low solubility of oil in methanol, so the reaction will run slowly. The solution to this problem is to add a co-solvent to increase the solubility so that a one-phase reaction will be formed. The co-solvent methyl ester is the right choice because it is a product of the reaction itself so that it does not require a separation process. The operating conditions of the study were mass of palm oil 250 g, mass of NaOH catalyst 0.8%wt, stirring speed 100 rpm, reaction temperature 60oC, the molar ratio of oil:methanol = 1:6, reaction time (5,10,15,20,25,30 minutes), and the mass of co-solvent (0,5,10,15%wt). The first stage of the research was to make co-solvent, then proceed with the transesterification reaction by adding co-solvent which was carried out according to the research operating conditions. The optimum condition of the study was obtained at reaction time 30 minutes and the addition of co-solvent 5%, with yield 97.4171%. The density of FAME 0.88 g/mL and the concentration of FAME 99.963% which complied with SNI 7185-2015. The simulation results of ChemDraw for components of triglyceride+methanol+NaOH+co-solvent obtained kinetic energy 3479.0264 kJ/mol and dipole moment 43279.8007 debyes.
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