The aim of the current study was to verify if cattle vaccinated against leptospirosis may react in diagnostic tests for brucellosis. Sixty cows were divided into 5 groups, each comprising 12 animals. Four groups were given different vaccines against leptospirosis, while the control group received only saline. Two doses of vaccine were given, as recommended by the manufacturers. Serum samples were collected on the first day of immunization (day 0) and on postvaccination days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 96, and 126. All the serum samples were tested for brucellosis and leptospirosis. Twenty animals were reactive at least once to the Rose Bengal test, but by day 96, no further reactions were elicited by this test. Twenty-six samples were reactive to the Rose Bengal test, but only 7 remained positive in confirmatory tests: 1 to the 2-mercaptoethanol test, 2 to the fluorescence polarization assay, and 6 to indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. None of the samples was reactive in the complement fixation test. None of the animals in the control group was reactive. A significant difference was found between the control group and the groups vaccinated against leptospirosis, according to Fisher exact test. However, the groups were found to respond independently of the vaccine brand. The results indicate that cattle vaccinated against leptospirosis may show reactivity on screening tests for brucellosis.
Background: Capybaras have found favorable conditions for survival and reproduction in green urban environments. In recent years, the population of these large rodents has been increasingly abundant in several brazilian cities such as Uberlândia, a municipality of the southeastern region with a Cerrado biome. Capybaras are important in the Brazilian Spotted Fever epidemiological chain, by amplifying infection rates of the vector population. However, knowledge of this host´s physiology is scarce. Thus, the aim of this work was to describe hematological and biochemical parameters of free-living capybaras groups in urbanized areas in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Capybaras were captured in 4 different locations of Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais state, including 1 Condominium (P1), 1 Private Market Garden (P2), 1 Private Club (P3) and 1 Municipal Park (P4). The animals were baited into an octagonal iron corral and chemically contained with anesthetic darts. After sedated, blood was collected from the femoral vein in tubes with and without EDTA. Biochemical evaluation, hematological analysis with differential leukocyte counts and search for Dirofilaria sp. were done. The blood count and biochemistry values obtained from animals of different ages, sex and sectors (P1, P2, P3 and P4) were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, considering 95% significance. Values that had a normal distribution were subjected to ANOVA tests followed by Student's t-test. Values that did not follow normality were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, to obtain a P-value, with a significance level of 95%. A total of 19 capybaras were captured: 4 in P1, 6 in P2, 4 in P3 and 5 in P4. From the 19 animals, 13 were females (68.42%) and 6 were males (31.57%), 12 adults (63.15%) and 7 juveniles (36.84%). Apart from occasional skin scars and moderate to intense Ambyomma spp. tick infestations, all captured animals were healthy on a broad examination. From 5 animals captured in P4, despite the use of anticoagulant, blood from 4 animals clotted fast. No microfilariae were found in the thick drop test in any of the 19 animals sampled, and in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, Kurloff cells were observed. Hematological and biochemical values presented no major differences when comparing sex and age. Nevertheless, differences in liver and kidney profile were observed between the capybara groups, including ALT, alkaline phosphorus, BUN and creatinine.Discussion: Blood from 4 animals clotted fast, despite the use of EDTA tubes. Blood clotting of samples with anticoagulant in this work could be associated with some physiological features inherent to capybaras. Many attempts were required to obtain enough blood from each individual due to the rapid hemostasis, what come in accordance with reports in literature. Kurloff cells were observed in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, which can be found in peripheral blood of female rodents during follicular phase of estrous cycle. Hematological and biochemical values differences in liver enzymes such as ALT and alkaline phosphorus, and kidney profile enzymes including BUN and creatinine could be associated to capture stress or dietetic variation between groups. Despite statistical relevant, the values were still in accordance with other works, although comparisons should be done with caution since various environments exert a diverse array of stimulus upon the animals such as parasitic, infective, stress, nutritional, social and undoubtedly blood parameters mirror them. In conclusion, this work contributes to the standardization of free-living capybaras' physiological parameters in urban areas.Keywords: capybaras, physiological parameters, enzymatic parameters, green urban environment, capture stress, fauna, biomes.
Leptospirosis is a disease with worldwide distribution and with risk to human health. In addition, it affects farm animals, and consequently, causes economic losses to farmers. Therefore, understanding the epidemiological profile of the disease in each geographical region is essential. This study was conducted in the rural properties of the municipality of Ipameri, state of Goiás, Brazil, where leptospirosis has not been reported in dairy farming. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in dairy cattle, identify the serovars present, and correlate these results with factors that could favor the appearance of the disease. For this purpose, 285 blood samples were collected from dairy cows and microscopic agglutination tests were conducted to identify the 15 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A structured questionnaire was applied during the visits to the properties to assess the factors associated with leptospirosis. The prevalence was found to be 18.9%, and the serovars present in the region included Hardjo, Wolffi, Canicola, Hebdomadis, Australis, and Icterohaemorrhagiae. The variables associated with leptospirosis were the presence of reproductive changes in the herd, presence of rodents, increased daily production of milk, hired labor, and lower level of education of the producers. Key words: Leptospira. Reproduction. Microscopic agglutination test. Production systems. ResumoA leptospirose é uma doença de distribuição mundial, que oferece riscos à saúde humana e acomete os animais de produção, gerando perdas econômicas ao produtor rural, sendo importante conhecer o perfil epidemiológico da doença em cada região. Esse estudo foi realizado em propriedades rurais do município de Ipameri, estado de Goiás, onde não existia nenhum relato sobre a leptospirose na pecuária leiteira. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a soroprevalência de leptospirose nos bovinos leiteiros, os soravares presentes e correlacionar os resultados com variáveis que podem favorecer o aparecimento da doença. Para isso foram coletadas 285 amostras de sangue de vacas em lactação e realizado o teste diagnóstico de soroaglutinação microscópica em campo escuro (SAM) contra 15 sorovares de Leptospira interrogans. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado durante a visita para avaliar os fatores associados à ocorrência da leptospirose. A prevalência encontrada foi de 18,9%, e os
A Leptospirose é uma zoonose que acomete todos os mamíferos, entre eles os bovinos. A infecção é de caráter agudo a crônico, com grande polimorfismo clínico, sendo provocada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira spp. Sua importância está relacionada as perdas econômicas, pois na maioria das vezes a sintomatologia é de ordem reprodutiva como, abortos, natimortos e infertilidade; ou produtiva como queda na produção de leite e mastites. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento soroepidemiológico nos rebanhos bovinos leiteiros do Município de Guaíra -São Paulo. Foram analisadas 104 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos leiteiros de 5 propriedades, através de pesquisa de anticorpos pelo teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Juntamente com a análise foi elaborado um questionário epidemiológico a fim de avaliar os fatores de risco para ocorrência da infecção.
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