Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus, are the most common phytoparasites in soybean crop, which usually occur in association in crop areas. However, few studies were conducted on the interaction between these parasites. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the interference of the increase in M. javanica population in the reproduction of P. brachyurus, and the effect of mixed populations on soybean (cultivar BRS/MT Pintado) development. The experiment consisted in inoculating a population of 1000 specimens of P. brachyurus per plant Fontana, L.F.; Arieira, c.r.d.; Abe1, V.H.F.; Severino, J.J.; Arieira, J.O.; Monteiro, R.N.F. Interference of Meloidogyne javanica in the reproduction of Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean cultivar BRS/MT pintado. Summa Phytopathologica, v.44, n.2, p.143-147, 2018. and changing the inoculum level of M. javanica, using zero, 1000, 2000 and 4000 eggs, in two different periods. After 65 days of inoculation, the increase in the initial population of M. javanica reduced by 79 and 73% the final population of P. brachyurus in the different experiments. However, both species significantly increased their populations. When subjected to the same inoculum level, M. javanica was more efficient in reproducing than P. brachyurus. The increase in the number of nematodes reduced the vegetative growth of the plant. Keywords: Glycine max, interactions, root-knot nematodes, root-lesion nematodes, mixed populationsSoybean is the most important oilseed crop in the world and has increased in percentage more than the major grain crops, particularly because its market has obtained a solid structure worldwide, the plant has been recognized as an important source of vegetable protein and technology has been generated, allowing the crop expansion to different regions of the world (17).Although soybean planted areas and productivity have continuously grown, maximum yield potential (4000 kg/ha) is hard to obtain in most countries. The main factors that limit the yield, the profitability and the success of soybean production are diseases, including nematodes which cause significant losses to the Brazilian production, varying from slight to complete (100%) (2, 11).Species of Meloidogyne, particularly Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood and M. incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, represent a serious problem in soybean producing regions (18). Data on specific yield losses caused by these two species are common and vary among the different crop areas or regions (1), reaching up to 40% in low fertility sandy soils.Another nematode that has a significant impact on Brazilian soybean production is Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven. It is an aggressive species that heavily infest soybean producing areas (5, 18). Crop losses caused by this nematode are estimated to range from 10 to 30% of the production potential, especially in areas showing sandy soil and irregular rainfall distribution (5). Nevertheless, declines of u...

RESUMO A bactéria Azospirillum brasilense vem ganhando destaque quando inoculadas em sementes, resultando em incrementos no sistema radicular, produção de massa seca e produtividade das culturas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho comparar os efeitos da inoculação de A. brasilense e a aplicação de diferentes doses de adubo nitrogenado sob a produção da aveia preta, buscando minimizar os custos de produção. O experimento foi realizado em campo, área experimental pertencente à Faculdade de Tecnologia Paulista, Lupércio-SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (T1= testemunha, aveia preta não inoculada com A. brasilense e sem aplicação de N; T2= A. brasilense na dose de 0,25 mL/ 14 g de semente, no momento da semeadura; T3= N 50% na dose de 19 g/ 2 m², 30 dias após a germinação; T4= N 100% na dose de 38 g/ 2 m² e T5= N 150% na dose de 57 g/ 2 m², 30 dias após a germinação) e quatro repetições. Aos 90 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se a altura das plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das sementes. Houve efeito significativo da aplicação de A. brasilense e nitrogênio em plantas de aveia preta para todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto altura, massa seca da parte aérea e massa fresca da semente. A inoculação de sementes de aveia preta com A. brasilense favoreceu a produção, obtendo resultados semelhantes à adubação nitrogenada, portanto seu uso pode ser uma alternativa aos produtores, visando a redução de custos com adubações químicas. Palavras-chave: Avena strigosa; bactéria diazotrófica; fixação biológica de nitrogênio; componentes de produção GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK OATS IN RESPONSE TO INOCULATION WITH Azospirillum brasilense AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ABSTRACT Bacterium Azospirillum brasilense has been gaining prominence when inoculated in seeds, resulting in root system increments, dry mass production and crop productivity. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of inoculation of A. brasilense and the application of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer under the production of black oats, in order to minimize production costs. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field belonging to the Faculty of Technology of São Paulo, Lupércio-SP, whose geographical coordinates are: latitude: 22º24'59 '' S, longitude 49° 48'56 '' W and altitude 669 m. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments (T1= control, black oat not inoculated with A. brasilense and without application of N, T2= A. brasilense at the dose of 0.25 mL/ 14 g of seed, at the time of sowuing; T3= N 50% at the dose of 19 g/ 2 m², 30 days after germination; T4 = N 100% at the dose of 38 g/ 2 m² and T5 = N 150% at the dose of 57 g/ 2 m², 30 days after germination) and four replicates. The sowing was done manually and in lines, being sown 292 seeds per linear meter. At 90 days after sowing the height of the plants was evaluated and then the plants were harvested and evaluated the fresh mass of the aerial part and the seeds and, after drying in an air circulation...

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has been reported to have therapeutic effects which have been attributed to anti-oxidant and free radicalscavenging activities, including a direct action on nitric oxide production. L G -nitro-arginine (L-NOARG), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and haloperidol, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, are both known to induce catalepsy in rodents. Nitric oxide has been shown to influence dopaminergic transmission in the striatum. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the extract obtained from leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree EGb 761 on catalepsy induced by haloperidol or by L-NOARG. Albino Swiss mice (35-45 g, N = 8-12) received by gavage a single or repeated oral dose (twice a day for 4 days) of EGb 761 followed by ip injection of haloperidol or L-NOARG. After the treatments, the animals were submitted to behavioral evaluation using the catalepsy test. Acute treatment with 80 mg/ kg EGb did not modify the catalepsy induced by L-NOARG but, the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly enhanced haloperidol-induced catalepsy measured at the 10th min of the test. After repeated treatment with 80 mg/kg EGb 761, a significant increase in the cataleptic effect produced by both haloperidol and L-NOARG was observed. These data show that repeated EGb 761 administration increases the effects of drugs that modify motor behavior in mice. Since the catalepsy test has predictive value regarding extrapyramidal effects, the possibility of pharmacological interactions between haloperidol and Ginkgo biloba extracts should be further investigated in clinical studies. Correspondence

Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc) is a nematophagous fungus with saprotrophic activity. However, little is known about the interaction between Pc and green manure. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of different green manures and Pc on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in different periods using a 6 × 2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was green manure application (oat, brachiaria, crotalaria, millet, buckwheat, and untreated control) and the second factor was treatment with Pc (in-furrow application and untreated control). Cover crops were grown separately and applied to pots as green manure 15 days before soybean sowing. At 5 days after sowing, soybean was inoculated with 2 000 eggs and juveniles of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, nematode and vegetative variables were determined. All green manures reduced nematode population levels, especially oat, crotalaria, and buckwheat. Pc treatment did not influence nematode population levels. Soybean plants treated with oat or crotalaria green manure had greater height than untreated plants in both experiments. The effects of factors on shoot fresh and dry weights differed between experiments, and green manure application did not affect root development. The findings confirmed the potential of plant residues to control M. javanica.

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RESUMOO tomateiro está entre as principais olerícolas cultivadas no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, com o crescimento do cultivo em ambiente protegido intensificaram-se também os problemas fitossanitários, dentre os quais, a infestação de solos por nematoides de diversas espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de diferentes intervalos de aplicação de abamectina na cultura do tomateiro visando à supressão de M. enterolobii. O experimento foi conduzido na casa de vegetação no município de Lupércio/SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. As aplicações foram conduzidas conforme a recomendação do fabricante (1 mL do produto comercial/1 L de H 2 O), utilizando-se em todos os tratamentos a dosagem padrão de 50 mL da solução. Após 60 dias da inoculação do nematoide, procederam-se às avaliações de altura de plantas, massa fresca da parte aérea e raiz, índice de galhas e de massas de ovos e o fator de reprodução do nematoide. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3 atuaram de forma preventiva, uma vez que foram aplicados diretamente na bandeja 3 dias antes do transplante, caracterizando os mais eficientes no manejo desta espécie de Meloidogyne, com diferença significativa quando comparados com os demais tratamentos. Palavras-chave: Olerícola, nematoide de galhas, manejo, tratamento químico ABAMECTIN APPLICATION INTERVALS ON SUPPRESSION Meloidogyne enterolobii IN TOMATO ABSTRACTTomato is one of the major vegetable crops grown in Brazil. In recent decades, with the growth of cultivation in a protected environment also intensified phytosanitary problems, among which, infestation by nematodes of various species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different abamectin application ranges in tomato crop aimed at suppressing M. enterolobii. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Lupércio/SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four replications. Applications were conducted according to the manufacturer's recommendation (1 mL of the commercial product/1L H 2 O) using all treatments standard dosage of 50 mL of the solution. After 60 days of inoculation of the nematode, they proceeded to the plant height assessments, fresh weight of shoot and root gall index and egg masses and the nematode reproduction factor. The results showed that the T1, T2 and T3 acted preventively, as were applied directly to the tray three days before the transplant, * raimundomonteiro@live.com

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