Objective: To examine the potency of estrogenic effect of Katuk (or star gooseberry or sweet leaf) Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (Phyllanthaceae) leaf extract on the vaginal and endometrial atrophy in perimenopausal mice model. Methods: Completely random experiments divided into 4 groups with 5 female mice in each group: control group (N), perimenopause group which induced by 4-vynil cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) (P0), perimenopause group followed by S. androgynus leaves extract administration with 15 and 30 mg/kg BW (P15 and P30). The mice were induced to artificial perimenopause with 160 mg/kg body weight (BW) of VCD 5 times/week for 2 weeks and continuously treated with S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days. Vaginal smear examination, maturation index (MI), vaginal epithelium and endometrial thickness were observed. Data were analyzed using a standard one-way ANOVA with LSD Test by SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Results: Administration of S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days to perimenopausal mice model significantly decreased the duration of mice diestrus phase (p<0.01) compared to perimenopause mice. S. androgynus leaf extract treatment at dose 30 mg/kg BW led to higher vaginal epithelium thickness and maturation index compared to another group (p<0.01). The effective dose to enhance the vaginal epithelial and endometrial cells proliferation was 30 mg/ kg BW. Conclusions: S. androgynus leaf extract had a good estrogenic action that it might be useful for therapy of vaginal and endometrial atrophy caused by perimenopause effect.
Petroleum-based surfactants are not biodegradable. In this study, a surfactant made from natural ingredients, namely cocamide DEA. Di-ethanolamine (DEA) is one of the surfactants from non-ionic natural ingredients which has the advantage of being nontoxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. Cocamide DEA is used for the synthesis of a wide variety of heterocyclic compounds and has a wide application in the pharmaceutical, surfactant, polisher and cosmetic industries. Cocamide DEA is obtained from Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) which contains fatty acids. Manufacture of Cocamide DEA surfactants by the Transesterification-amidase process. Transesterification is the process of chemical transformation of fatty acids reacted with methanol and a catalyst that produces methyl esters. Amidation is the reaction of the formation of amide compounds between di-ethanolamin e and methyl esters (ME). Preparation of surfactant Cocamide DEA from VCO by esterification-amidase process with a ratio of ME:DEA (1:1, 1:1,25, 1:1,5, 1:1,75 1:2) w/w, variations NaOH catalyst (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and operating temperatures (150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C). The study was conducted on the optimization of Transesterification-Amidation proses, and to analyze the cocamide DEA functional groups with FTIR. The optimization of Transesterification-Amidation proses about ME:DEA ratio, catalyt concentration, and temperature of conversion. The result show that the transesterification-amidase process of cocamide DEA obtained optimum conditions at the ratio ME:DEA = 1:2 w/w, 3% NaOH catalyst concentration on 180°C.
Background: The world has experienced the COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019. In Indonesia, sourced from Kemenkes RI on March 15, 2021, Indonesians confirmed COVID-19 amounting to 1,425,044 (1.82%). The key to success in fighting COVID-19 is with preventive movements, namely healthy lifestyles and behaviors by wearing masks, washing hands, maintaining distance and increasing the body's immunity to infection. One to maintain immunity with the consumption of nutritious foods and multivitamin consumption. Objectives: To find out the profile of knowledge, attitudes and levels of multivitamin consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: observational with descriptive analytic surveys using questionnaires, purpose sampling obtained by 93 student. Result: The percentage of respondents about knowledge with good categories was 98.9% (92 people), quite good by 1.1% (1 person) and less good by 0.0%. The percentage of respondents about attitudes with good categories was 80.6% (75 people), the category was quite good by 22.6% (21 people) and less good by 0.0% (0 people). The percentage of respondents about consumption levels with good categories was 80.6% (75 people) and less good at 19.4% (18 people). Conclusion: Have a good knowledge profile, attitude and level of multivitamin consumption in UMM pharmacy students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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