We present an analytical modeling of the noise temperature associated with velocity fluctuations obtained in the framework of the linear-response theory around a steady state. The expressions are rigorously related to an eigenvalue expansion of the response matrix and are applicable to ohmic as well as to nonohmic ͑hot-carrier͒ conditions. Theory requires as input parameters the reciprocal carrier effective mass, the drift velocity, the carrier energy, the variance of velocity fluctuations, and the covariance of velocity-energy fluctuations as functions of the electric field in stationary and homogeneous conditions. The analytical results obtained for the case of holes in Si and electrons in GaAs at Tϭ300 K are validated by comparison with experiments.
The photovoltaic systems are often employed into micro-grids; Micro-grids are small power grids designed to provide a reliable and better power supply to a small number of consumers using renewable energy sources. This paper deals with DC micro-grids and present a new system of monitoring and sharing electricity between homes equipped with photovoltaic panels (PV) in the goal to reduce the electrical energy waste. The system is based on dynamic sharing of photovoltaic blocks through homes in stand-alone areas, using an arduino board for controlling the switching matrix. The LABVIEW program is used to further process and display collected data from the system in the PC screen. A small-scale prototype has been developed in a laboratory to proof the concept. This prototype demonstrates the feasibility and functionality of the system.
The automatic light AFS (Adaptive Front -Lighting System) is added to the capabilities of modern vehicles that will improve the safety of vehicle drivers and passengers traveling at night. A new architecture of the AFS has proposed in this paper. This architecture is powerful and intelligent using the PWM technique on ARDUINO Board replaces the old mechanical system based on stepper motors.
Keyword:ADC AFS ARDUINO PWM
Today, global energy consumption is dominated by fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas. The intensive consumption of these energy sources gives rise to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore an increase in CO2 emissions. Photovoltaic energy has persistently been considered as a green and pollution-free renewable energy source to overcome greenhouse effect and energy crisis. This paper describes a new method of photovoltaic energy sharing in standalone micro-grids using photovoltaic panels. This approach is based on automatic electrical energy sharing depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the electrical storage unit using by each home and on the electrical power consumption of each home.The monitoring system is connected to each home in micro-grid, it manage each home’s energy use, and assigns more energy to a large energy-consuming home. This architecture contributes to reducing total energy lost.
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