Abstract. The longitudinal variation of salinity and the maximum salinity intrusion length in an alluvial estuary are important environmental concerns for policy makers and managers since they influence water quality, water utilization and agricultural development in estuarine environments and the potential use of water resources in general. The supermoon total lunar eclipse is a rare event. According to NASA, they have only occurred 5 times in the 1900s – in 1910, 1928, 1946, 1964 and 1982. After the 28 September 2015 total lunar eclipse, a Super Blood Moon eclipse will not recur before 8 October 2033. In this paper, for the first time, the impact of the combination of a supermoon and a total lunar eclipse on the salinity intrusion along an estuary is studied. The 28 September 2015 supermoon total lunar eclipse is the focus of this study and the Sebou river estuary (Morocco) is used as an application area. The Sebou estuary is an area with high agricultural potential, is becoming one of the most important industrial zones in Morocco and it is experiencing a salt intrusion problem. Hydrodynamic equations for tidal wave propagation coupled with the Savenije theory and a numerical salinity transport model (HEC-RAS software "Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System") are applied to study the impact of the supermoon total lunar eclipse on the salinity intrusion. Intensive salinity measurements during this extreme event were recorded along the Sebou estuary. Measurements showed a modification of the shape of axial salinity profiles and a notable water elevation rise, compared with normal situations. The two optimization parameters (Van der Burgh's and dispersion coefficients) of the analytical model are estimated based on the Levenberg–Marquardt's algorithm (i.e., solving nonlinear least-squares problems). The salinity transport model was calibrated and validated using field data. The results show that the two models described very well the salt intrusion during the supermoon total lunar eclipse day. A good fit between computed salinity and measurements is obtained, as verified by statistical performance tests. These two models can give a rapid assessment of salinity distribution and consequently help to ensure the safety of the water supply, even during such infrequent astronomical phenomenon.
A B S T R A C TThe Sebou river estuary is a coastal zone with an important agricultural area and is becoming one of the most important industrial zones in Morocco. However, salt water intrusion affects the economic development of the whole region. Therefore, determination of the salinity distribution along this estuary is the main interest for water managers. The aim of this paper is to study the spatial and temporal distribution of salinity in water course. Field measurements revealed that salinity intrusion depends on the state of the tide and on the upstream tributary waters from Lalla Aïcha Dam. The effects of the combination of various situations (dam closed-dam open and high tide-low tide) have been studied. A one-dimensional mathematical model has been used to simulate salinity distribution along the estuary. The model is based on one-dimensional equations of continuity, momentum, and salt transport in natural waters. Calculations of the river water level provided by the model are in good agreement with field measurements. Additionally, salinity simulations along the Sebou estuary for different hydrodynamic river conditions reproduce the observed salinity trends and contribute to a better understanding of this natural phenomenon. The model used permits a rapid assessment of salt water intrusion in the Sebou estuary and can help to ensure the safety of water supply and to support decision-making interventions.
Today, global energy consumption is dominated by fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas. The intensive consumption of these energy sources gives rise to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore an increase in CO2 emissions. Photovoltaic energy has persistently been considered as a green and pollution-free renewable energy source to overcome greenhouse effect and energy crisis. This paper describes a new method of photovoltaic energy sharing in standalone micro-grids using photovoltaic panels. This approach is based on automatic electrical energy sharing depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the electrical storage unit using by each home and on the electrical power consumption of each home.The monitoring system is connected to each home in micro-grid, it manage each home’s energy use, and assigns more energy to a large energy-consuming home. This architecture contributes to reducing total energy lost.
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