Indonesia is one of the highest producers of coconut in the world and at the same time coconut shell waste is also high. This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis for the liquid volatile matter (LVM) generated from coconut shell pyrolysis and to examine its potential as an antifungal agent. Pyrolysis was performed at 600 ºC. The LVM was 29% (v/w) and had pH 3 and 1.087 g mL-1 density. To determine chemical constituents using GC-MS, the standard NIST MS software was used. The spectrogram analysis of LVM revealed five main compounds, namely phenol (21.92%); (Z)-4-methyl-5-(2-oxopropylidene)-5H-furan-2-one (13.06%); 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (11.54%); 2-methoxyphenol (9.07%) and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (7.66%). The LVM showed a excellent fungicidal activity against Phytophthora palmivora at a concentration of 0.125% (v/v).

Coral triangle eco-region is hotspot of coastal blue carbon, and contributes to the global carbon cycling. This study aimed to elucidate the blue carbon dynamics in mangroves and their importance services as source of blue carbon in the coastal zone of coral triangle ecoregion. The blue carbon content in mangrove sediment was analyzed, while blue carbon production and its export frommangroves leaf litterfallwasestimated. The results showed that the blue carbon content in mangrove sediment was significantly higher in deep of 40-50 cm than other layers(P< 0.05). The annual blue carbon production (g C/m2/year) was 495.80 for R. mucronata, 572.52 for C. tagal and 335.56 for R. apiculata. Moreover, the annual blue carbon exported g C/m2/year was 148.74 for R. mucronata, 171.76 for C. tagal and 100.68 R. apiculata. Overallcarbon production and carbon export from these mangrove species were 1403.88 and 421.18g C/m2/year, respectively.Therefore, huge blue carbon production and export by mangroves in this region contribute to the global carbon cycling in the coastal and marine environments. Thus, conservation of mangroves and their services is very important for maintenance the coastal productivity in the coral triangle eco-region.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to synthesize 2-hydroxyxanthone from xanthone and to evaluate its antiplasmodial activity.Methods: The synthesis of 2-hydroxyxanthone followed the sequence of these synthetic stages, namely: 2-nitroxanthone, 2-aminoxanthone, and 2-hydroxyxanthone. The products were separated by chromatography methods including thin layer chromatography and vacuum liquid chromatography. Compound structures of the isolated products were determined based on their infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To support these findings, the spectra were also matched to the corresponding data from literatures. The biological properties of the synthetic compound were evaluated toward Plasmodium falciparum 3D7.Results: 2-nitroxanthone was obtained as a brownish-yellow crystal in 69.00% yield with Madhya Pradesh of 181°C. Reduction of 2-nitroxanthone using SnCl2.2H2O/hydrogen chloride produced 2-aminoxanthone as a pale-yellow solid in 60.60% yield. Finally, the desired 2-hydroxyxanthone was achieved by initially reacting 2-aminoxanthone with sodium nitride to produce diazonium salt. Then, hydrolysis of the salt yielded 2-hydroxyxanthone as a white solid in 69.81% yield. Synthesis of 2-hydroxyxanthone from xanthone had an overall yield of38.35%. In vitro antiplasmodial assay against P. falciparum 3D7 showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration value was 0.44 μg/mL.Conclusions: An antimalarial compound (2-hydroxyxanthone) was successfully synthesized from xanthone in three steps of synthetic reactions, i.e., the formation of 2-nitroxanthone, 2-aminoxanthone, and 2-hydroxyxanthone.

Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are a group of the phenylpropanoids produced by certain plant species, which have various biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and others. Several synthetic routes have been developed using quinic acids (QAs) and caffeic acid derivatives as starting materials. In this study, alternative pathways of 3-and 5-CQAs preparation using protected quinic acids are described. Both CQAs were achieved by removal of the protecting groups of compound 9 and 18 with acid hydrolysis using dilute HCl solution. These compounds (9 and 18) are novel, resulted from esterification reaction of diacetyl caffeoyl chloride and protected quinic acids. The hydroxyl groups of quinic acid in this case were protected with 2,2-dimethoxy propane or tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) chloride.

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<p>Kulit buah kakao (KBK) adalah limbah organik dari hasil olahan buah kakao yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber senyawa aktif. Kulit kakao mengandung senyawa selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin yang dapat terdekomposisi menghasilkan senyawa fenolik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan fenolik total atau <em>Total Phenolic Content</em><em> </em>(TPC) dari <em>liquid volatile matter</em> (LVM) hasil pirolisis KBK dan uji aktivitas antifungi terhadap <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>. Produksi LVM dihasilkan dari metode pirolisis KBK pada suhu 500 °C. Penentuan TPC dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis menggunakan pereaksi Folin- Ciocalteu (FC) pada panjang gelombang maksimum 765 nm dengan larutan standar asam galat dan diukur setelah dibiarkan selama 60 menit pada suhu kamar. Uji aktivitas antifungi terhadap <em>F.</em><em> oxysporum</em> dilakukan dengan metode dilusi. LVM dari hasil pirolisis KBK adalah 25,80% (b/b) dengan TPC 100% sebesar 2,28 g/L. Pirolisis KBK menghasilkan LVM yang memperlihatkan aktivitas antifungi dengan konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM) 1% (v/v) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimal (KBM) 9% (v/v). Oleh karena itu, LVM KBK memiliki potensi untuk diaplikasikan sebagai fungisida alami.</p><p><strong>Determination of The Total Phenolic Content of Liquid Volatile Matter from Cocoa Pod Husk Pyrolysis and Antifungal Activity Test Against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em></strong>. The cocoa pod husk (CPH) is an organic waste from the processed cocoa potentially used as source of active compounds. The CPH contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin compounds that can be decomposed into phenolic compounds. The present study investigated the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of liquid volatile matter (LVM) of CPH followed by the antifungal activity test against <em>Fusarium oxysporum. </em>The LVM production was performed by the pyrolysis method at temperature of 500 °C. The determination of TPC was evaluated by the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent at maximum wavelength of 765 nm with the standart solution of gallic acid measured after 60 min reaction at room temperature. The antifungal activity test against <em>F. oxysporum</em> was carried out by dilution method. The pyrolysis of CPH produces LVM of 25.80% (b/b) contained TPC 100% of 2.28 g/L. The LVM produced in this study shows antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 1% (v/v) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) 9% (v/v). Therefore, the LVM CPH produced can be applied as a natural fungicide.</p>

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The Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a processed cocoa fruit waste, containing lignocellulosic biomass which can be pyrolysis to produce liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to obtain antibacterial material from liquid smoke using the CPH pyrolysis method. This research method includes: preparation by drying the CPH raw materials for 5-7 days and then chopping the CPH sample dry. Furthermore, the pyrolysis process is carried out at 385-500 °C with a heating flow rate of 6 °C/min. The liquid smoke crude obtained is filtered and distilled fractionated to produce clearer liquid smoke. Analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of liquid smoke was carried out by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method using gallic acid standards and Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer instruments at maximum wavelength (λmax) 765 nm. The CPH liquid smoke antibacterial test was carried out using a dilution method with variations in liquid smoke concentrations of 5, 7, 10and 15%. The TPC of CPH liquid smoke is 1.035 g / L.The spectrogram analysis of Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)  of CPH liquid smoke shows the presence of compounds:acetic acid, Methyl glyoxal,Pyridine, 4-methyl- pyridine,  4-[2(methylamino)ethyl]- Phenol.The results of the analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CPH liquid smoke against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were obtained at a concentration of 15%.This study shows that pyrolysis extraction can be used as a technique for obtaining extracts of phenolic compounds from CPH and is promising for safe antibacterial agents.Keywords: CPH, liquid smoke, pyrolysis, Phenolic, antibacterial.Abstrak Kulit buah kakao (KBK) merupakan limbah hasil olahan buah kakao, mengandung biomassa lignoselulosa yang dapat dipirolisis menghasilkan asap cair.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan zat antibakteri dari asap cair dengan metode pirolisis KBK. Metode penelitian ini meliputi: preparasi dengan pengeringan bahan baku KBK selama 5-7 hari kemudian dilakukan pencacahan  sampel KBK kering. Selanjutnya, Proses pirolisis dilakukan pada suhu 385-500°C dengan kecepatan alir pemanasan 6°C/menit.Crude asap cair yang diperoleh difiltrasi dan didestilasi fraksinasi untuk menghasilkan asap cair yang lebih jernih. AnalisisTotal Phenolic Content (TPC) asap cair dilakukan dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) menggunakan standar asam galat dan instrumen spektrofotometer Ultraviolet-Visible pada panjang gelombang maksimum (λmaks) 765 nm. Uji antibakteri asap cair KBK dilakukan menggunakan metode dilusi dengan variasi konsentrasi asap cair yaitu 5, 7, 10dan 15%. TPC asap cair KBK sebesar 1,035 g/L.Analisis spectrogram Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) asap cair KBK menunjukkan adanya senyawa: asam asetat, metil glioksal, piridin, 4-metil-piridin, 4-[2(metilamino) etil]-fenol. Hasil analisiskonsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) asap cairKBKterhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus didapatkan pada konsentrasi 15%.Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi pirolisis dapat digunakan sebagai teknik untuk memperoleh ekstrak senyawa fenolik dari CPH dan menjanjikan untuk bahan antibakteri yang aman.Kata kunci: KBK, asap cair, pirolisis, fenolik, antibakteri.