SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID 279 results do not, however, exclude the possibility that there might be coupling between the synthesis of certain proteins and the synthesis of some particular fraction of the ribonucleic acid. Whether protein synthesis can be suppressed without affecting RNA synthesis remains undecided, since the amino acid analogue, somewhat paradoxically, inhibited RNA synthesis much more readily than protein synthesis. Both thienylalanine and azaguanine suppressed cytoplasmic RNA synthesis more rapidly than nuclear RNA synthesis, thus indicating that there is no rigid coupling between these two processes either. No dissociation of nuclear from cytoplasmic protein synthesis was observed: thienylalanine produced no change in the rate of either nuclear or cytoplasmic synthesis over 12 hr., and azaguanine reduced the rate of synthesis in nucleus and cytoplasm to about the same extent. SUMMARY 1. Radioautographic methods were used to study the effect of B-2-thienylalanine and 8azaguanine on the synthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the rat connective-tissue cell. 2. With ,-2-thienylalanine it was possible to reduce the rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis in the cytoplasm to about 10 % of the normal value, and in the nucleus to about 50 % of the normal value, without affecting either nuclear or cytoplasmic protein synthesis. 3. With both ,-2-thienylalanine and 8-azaguanine, cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid synthesis was much more rapidly suppressed than nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis. 4. The results indicate that there is no mandatory coupling between the synthesis of ribonucleic acid and the synthesis of protein, as measured by the overall rates of the two processes, either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm. This work was supported by a personal grant from the British Empire Cancer Campaign. It is a pleasure to thank Miss Marianne Jahnz for her careful technical assistance.
SummaryVaccinia virus which has been inactivated by exposure to ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions produces an immunity response in rabbits and monkeys. This can be measured by relative insusceptibility to challenge with living virus and by the titration of circulating antibody.Experiments with small doses of living virus in excess of those that might have been given accidentally indicate that the immune response to the irradiated material was not due to traces of living virus that had escaped detection.There is a logarithmic relationship between exposure to irradiation and destruction of virus. The exposure necessary to produce complete inactivation can be deduced from a knowledge of this relationship. Excessive exposure destroys the antigenicity of the preparations.The antigenicity of irradiated virus can be preserved for at least 6 months at 4°C. and at least 2 months at 37°C. by drying from the frozen state.Circulating antibody is detectable in rabbits for at least 22 weeks following immunization, and a single subsequent reinforcing dose is followed by a secondary immune response.The possibility that preliminary immunization with irradiated virus may diminish the risk of complications and reduce the severity of the reaction to subsequent Jennerian vaccination with living virus is discussed. This material may provide a basal immunity in those individuals in which vaccination is contraindicated.
Three methods of estimating γ globulin in the serum of patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia are described and compared, namely free electrophoresis, the inhibition of antiglobulin antiserum method, and the gel diffusion precipitin method. Data from 142 parallel estimations are reported.The errors of these methods are determined.The results of the three techniques give good general agreement. This is due to the fact that the 7S component dominates the estimations whichever technique is used. Some discrepancies are discussed.All of the techniques are applicable to the diagnosis of hypogammaglobulinaemia. Their practical limitations are discussed.
A preparation of vaccinia virus inactivated by ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions, and shown to produce neutralizing antibody and resistance to challenge in rabbits, was active in only about half of 37 human volunteers. It was not, therefore, likely to be usefully immunogenic in man. In the largest single test, 15 of 25 men had unmodified primary skin reactions when challenged with living virus, although five of these had circulating antibody. On the other hand, only three of 10 men who responded to challenge with modified or negative reactions, had no circulating antibody.In man the presence of circulating antibody does not necessarily indicate resistance to infection in the skin, nor does skin immunity always indicate the presence of circulating antibody.
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