Environmental impact has become business critical as we have been unable to crack certain issues to the degree expected for our industry. It is the central challenge for the continued development of shale markets, as it has been offshore. In a customer survey completed in the first quarter of 2012, a diverse group of operators, drilling contractors, and service companies identified their top three challenges for shale development: pricing, inexperienced personnel, and—of paramount importance—environmental impact. The industry recognizes the need for reduced environmental impact, but what do we need to achieve it?
In the aforementioned survey, many operators and drilling contractors expressed looking to oilfield service and supply companies for continued innovation with the expectation that they continue to be to be forward-thinking and present ideas that provide value. The industry has two primary means for reducing environmental impact of its operations: processes (operator and contractor-driven) and equipment (service and supply-driven). This paper proposes that the two must work hand-in-hand. It explores the opportunity to take this further: identifying critical steps such as process design for reduced environmental impact with lower-impact technology and industrial engineering. The dual approach is needed to affect large-scale change.
This paper will examine the positive impact of the implementation of select environmental technology can have on oilfield economics from the perspective of an oilfield equipment, technology, and services provider. It aims to:
Demonstrate a case for environmental solutions Establish the importance of improved environmental performance for market access Identify areas in which operators evaluate environmental impact Discuss the technology opportunities available to operators Recognize and quantify the performance and cost benefits of aforementioned technologies.
Due to the small quantities of metals used, these small deviations may be regarded as within the limits of experimental error.
Such determinationsshow that osmium may be removed quantitatively from a mixture containing one of its salts with that of ruthenium by means of strychnine sulfate.
SummaryA new quantitative method for the determination of osmium is given. The metal is removed from a solution of sodium chlorosmate by means of a saturated aqueous solution of strychnine sulfate. The composition of the compound formed was found to be (C2iH2202N2)30s, a coordinated salt in which osmium exhibits a coordination number of six. By use of the gravimetric factor, 0.1758, the percentage content of the osmium may be obtained from a direct weighing of the canary-yellow precipitate.Strychnine sulfate reacts with the formation of precipitates with all of the platinum metals, but the precipitate formed with ruthenium is soluble in boiling ethyl alcohol, from which it does not easily separate on cooling even after a period of several days. This method may be used in effecting a separation of osmium from ruthenium since the former compound reprecipitates completely on cooling the alcoholic solution.
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