Digital addressing of the electrical signal in spatial light modulators, as it is the case in present liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) displays, may lead to temporal phase fluctuations in the optical beam. In diffractive optics applications a reduction in the modulation diffraction efficiency may be expected. Experimental work is done characterizing the fluctuations amplitude and phase depth for three different digital addressing sequences. We propose a diffractive model to evaluate the modulation diffraction efficiency of phase diffractive optical elements (DOEs) in the presence of phase fluctuations. Best results are obtained for the most stable electrical sequence even though its phase depth is as small as 280 degrees . The results show good agreement with the numerical calculation given by the model.
The morphology, G-and C-banding pattern of the Akodon mollis chromosome complement is analysed. Over a total of 14 males and 10 females studied, 8 males and 7 females had a modal chromosome number of 22, while 6 males and 3 females showed a modal number of 23 chromosomes. In the animals with 23 chromosomes the odd element was considered a B chromosome on the basis of: (a) its small size, (b) the lack of an homologous chromosome and the subsequent formation of univalents at diakinesis and metaphase I from testes, (c) the weak or null genetic action as evidenced by the lack of any obvious variation in the phenotype of carriers.Four females exhibited a sex-pair dimorphism indistinguishable from that observed in males, The G-banding analysis showed homology between the pattern found in the Y chromosome and that detected in the short arm of the X. The ~tudy of C-band distribution showed that several autosome pairs and the X chromosomes had small masses of centromeric heterochromatin. On the other hand, the Y and B chromosomes were C-band negative. The Y-like chromosome in females with dimorphism of the sex pair was also C-band negative. Accordingly these females were considered to be XY and not Xx (the x being an extensively deleted X chromosome).
The diffractive efficiency of Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) displays can be greatly diminished by the appearance of temporal phase fluctuations in the reflected beam, depolarization effects and also because of phase modulation depths smaller than 2π. In order to maximize the efficiency of the Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) implemented in the LCoS device, the Minimum Euclidean Distance principle can be applied. However, not all the diffractive elements can be corrected in the same way due to the anamorphic and spatial frequency dependent phenomenon, which is related to the LCoS response, largely depending on the period and the spatial orientation of the generated DOE. Experimental evidence for the anamorphic and spatial frequency dependent phenomenon is provided in this paper, as well as a comparative study between the LCoS display response for binary gratings of different periods.
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