Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Indonesian population, yet little is known about the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV). We investigated age-specific prevalence of HPV types and possible risk factors of HPV positivity in a population-based sample of 2686 women, aged 15 -70 years, in Jakarta, Tasikmalaya, and Bali, Indonesia. The overall HPV prevalence was 11.4%, age-standardized to the world standard population 11.6%. The most prevalent types found were HPV 52, HPV 16, HPV 18, and HPV 39, respectively, 23.2, 18.0, 16.1, and 11.8% of the high-risk HPV types. In 20.7% of infections, multiple types were involved. Different age-specific prevalence patterns were seen: overall high in Jakarta, and in Tasikmalaya, and declining with age in Bali. The number of marriages was most associated with HPV positivity (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.31 -2.51)). Remarkably, in Indonesia HPV 16 and HPV 18 are equally common in the general population, as they are in cervical cancer. HPV 52 was the most prevalent type in the general population, suggesting that this type should be included when prophylactic HPV vaccination is introduced in Indonesia. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in Indonesia, as in most developing countries (Tjindarbumi and Mangunkusumo, 2002;Parkin et al, 2005). From hospital-based data, it accounts for 28.6% of female cancers in Indonesia (Tjindarbumi and Mangunkusumo, 2002).Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence, age-specific prevalence, and type of distribution differ substantially between populations (Clifford et al, 2005;Franceschi et al, 2006) and HPV 18 has a greater role in cervical cancer in Indonesia than in the rest of the world. HPV 18 was found as frequently as HPV 16 in cervical cancer (Schellekens et al, 2004), or even more frequently than HPV 16 (Bosch et al, 1995). A small hospital-based case -control study conducted in Jakarta also found a high prevalence of HPV 18 in controls (de Boer et al, 2006). In view of the lack of population-based relevant data, we report here the age-specific prevalence data for HPV among women in Jakarta and Tasikmalaya on the island of Java and among women on the island of Bali, and assess possible risk factors in the aetiology of cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODSThis population-based study was conducted as part of a screening project for cervical cancer in Jakarta and Tasikmalaya on the island of Java and different regions on the island of Bali in Indonesia between October 2004 and February 2006. Women were excluded if they were virgin, pregnant, had undergone a hysterectomy, or had previous cervical cancer. During our study it appeared that only married, divorced or widowed women participated in screening. Women who had never been married would strictly still be virgins because sexual intercourse before marriage is not allowed following Indonesia's cultural and religious rules.To reach women, in each region a collaboration was set up with the Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK), the national Indonesian Family Welfare Or...
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a cancer closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV protein has been shown to be related to various oncogenic development. Suppression of tumor suppressor genes, upregulating molecules to prevent immune attack, downregulating pro-apoptotic proteins, and stimulating local immune suppressive environment are among some roles that EBV proteins can exert on host cells. All those factors combined together with underlying genetic susceptibility of host cells further increase the chance of nasopharyngeal cancer development. Approach targeting those carcinogenesis pathways has been tested with marginal benefit. A newer approach boosting immune cells to increase recognition of tumor antigen and promoting cytotoxic T cell attack has shown promising clinical benefit. Further combination of those immunotherapies with other modality, in particular radiotherapy, has resulted in amplification of cancer killing.
Table of contentsA1 Hope and despair in the current treatment of nasopharyngeal cancerIB TanI1 NPC international incidence and risk factorsEllen T ChangI2 Familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the use of biomarkersChien-Jen Chen, Wan-Lun Hsu, Yin-Chu ChienI3 Genetic susceptibility risk factors for sporadic and familial NPC: recent findingsAllan HildesheimI5 Genetic and environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer in Southeast AsiaJames D McKay, Valerie Gaborieau, Mohamed Arifin Bin Kaderi, Dewajani Purnomosari, Catherine Voegele, Florence LeCalvez-Kelm, Graham Byrnes, Paul Brennan, Beena DeviI6 Characterization of the NPC methylome identifies aberrant epigenetic disruption of key signaling pathways and EBV-induced gene methylationLi L, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Sun K, Du Z, Sun H, Chan AT, Tsao SW, Zeng YX, Tao QI7 Tumor exosomes and translational research in NPCPierre Busson, Claire Lhuillier, Olivier Morales, Dhafer Mrizak, Aurore Gelin, Nikiforos Kapetanakis, Nadira DelhemI8 Host manipulations of the Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 proteinSheila Mansouri, Jennifer Cao, Anup Vaidya, and Lori FrappierI9 Somatic genetic changes in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomaLo Kwok WaiI10 Preliminary screening results for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with ELISA-based EBV antibodies in Southern ChinaSui-Hong Chen, Jin-lin Du, Ming-Fang Ji, Qi-Hong Huang, Qing Liu, Su-Mei CaoI11 EBV array platform to screen for EBV antibodies associated with NPC and other EBV-associated disordersDenise L. Doolan, Anna Coghill, Jason Mulvenna, Carla Proietti, Lea Lekieffre, Jeffrey Bethony, and Allan HildesheimI12 The nasopharyngeal carcinoma awareness program in IndonesiaRenske Fles, Sagung Rai Indrasari, Camelia Herdini, Santi Martini, Atoillah Isfandiari, Achmad Rhomdoni, Marlinda Adham, Ika Mayangsari, Erik van Werkhoven, Maarten Wildeman, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Bambang Hermani, Widodo Ario Kentjono, Sofia Mubarika Haryana, Marjanka Schmidt, IB TanI13 Current advances and future direction in nasopharyngeal cancer managementBrian O’SullivanI14 Management of juvenile nasopharyngeal cancerEnis OzyarI15 Global pattern of nasopharyngeal cancer: correlation of outcome with access to radiotherapyAnne WM LeeI16 The predictive/prognostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinomaMu-Sheng ZengI17 Effect of HLA and KIR polymorphism on NPC riskXiaojiang Gao, Minzhong Tang, Pat Martin, Yi Zeng, Mary CarringtonI18 Exploring the Association between Potentially Neutralizing Antibodies against EBV Infection and Nasopharyngeal CarcinomaAnna E Coghill, Wei Bu, Hanh Nguyen, Wan-Lun Hsu, Kelly J Yu, Pei-Jen Lou, Cheng-Ping Wang, Chien-Jen Chen, Allan Hildesheim, Jeffrey I CohenI19 Advances in MR imaging in NPCAnn D KingO1 Epstein-Barr virus seromarkers and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the gene-environment interaction study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in TaiwanYin-Chu Chien, Wan-Lun Hsu, Kelly J Yu, Tseng-Cheng Chen, Ching-Yuan Lin, Yung-An Tsou, Yi-Shing Leu, Li-Jen Laio, Yen-Liang Chang, Cheng-Ping Wang, Chun-Hun Hua, Ming-Shiang Wu, Chu-Hsing Kate Hsiao, Jehn-Chuan ...
Indonesian youth unemployment rates are among the highest when compared with other countries. Unemployed youth in Indonesia reached 25.1 percent of the total workforce. Therefore, there must be a serious effort to reduce the unemployment rate. Learning Model entrepreneurship through business incubators 2.0 is a web-based technology to provide solutions to the problems of educated unemployment realists in Indonesia, which reached 41.8% of total national unemployment, of which 12.78% came from universities. The methodology used is done with an experimental approach, which prioritizes the participation of students through the business incubator based on web 2.0 technologies developed through four phases, namely Phase Process Understanding Entreupreneurial, Stage being The Entreupreuneur, be the entrepreneur Phase, and Phase Scale Up. The fourth stage is carried out through 16 times personally consisting of Creativity Program, foundation program, Entrepreneurship Program, Hatching Program , The results showed as many as 174 students who participated via web-based business incubator 2.0, which managed to reach the hatchery program only 43 students or 25%, and 95 students can achieve entrepreneurial program or 55%. This finding shows to be entrepreneurial, can be realized through a learning model of web-based business incubators 2.0. Through this model, there is the interaction between students, faculty, business practitioners, with the concept of easier and flexible.
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