We use a multidisciplinary approach to identify, map, and characterize the bioactivity of modulatory neuropeptides in the circuitry that generates feeding behavior in Aplysia. Matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the cerebral-buccal connective (CBC), a nerve containing axons of many interneurons that control feeding behavior of Aplysia, was used to identify neuropeptides that may participate in generation and shaping of feeding motor programs. Using this functionally oriented search, we identified a novel family of peptides that we call the feeding circuitactivating peptides (FCAPs). Two peptides with masses identical to those observed in the CBCs (molecular weight 1387 and 1433) were purified from buccal ganglia and partially sequenced using mass spectrometry. The amino acid sequence was then used to clone the FCAP precursor, which encodes multiple copies of eight different FCAPs. The two FCAPs present in highest copy number correspond to those observed in the CBC. The distribution of FCAP expression was mapped using Northern analysis, whole-mount in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. Consistent with our initial findings, FCAP-immunopositive axons were observed in the CBC. Furthermore, we found that FCAP was present in some cerebralbuccal and buccal-cerebral interneurons. As their name suggests, FCAPs are capable of initiating rhythmic feeding motor programs and are the first neuropeptides with such activity in this circuit. The actions of FCAPs suggest that these peptides may contribute to the induction and maintenance of foodinduced arousal. FCAPs were also localized to several other neuronal systems, suggesting that FCAPs may play a role in the regulation of multiple behaviors.

Neuropeptides are a ubiquitous class of signaling molecules. In our attempt to understand the generation of feeding behavior in Aplysia, we have sought to identify and fully characterize the neuropeptides operating in this system. Preliminary evidence indicated that Mytilus inhibitory peptide (MIP)-like peptides are present and operating in the circuitry that generates feeding in Aplysia. MIPs were originally isolated from the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis, and related peptides have been identified in other invertebrate species, but no precursor has been identified. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of novel Aplysia MIP-related peptides (AMRPs) and their precursor. Several AMRPs appear to have some structural and functional features similar to vertebrate opioid peptides. We use matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to confirm that all 14 AMRPs predicted by the precursor are processed in isolated neurons. Northern analysis, whole-mount in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry are used to map the abundant expression of these peptides in the CNS and peripheral tissues such as the digestive tract, vasculature, and the reproductive organs. Physiological studies demonstrate that the rank order of the inhibitory actions of these peptides is different for three target muscles. These results underscore the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach to identifying and characterizing the actions of neuropeptides in an effort to gain understanding of their role in systems of interest. The widespread distribution of the AMRPs indicates that they may be operating in many different systems of Aplysia.

To identify neuropeptides that have a broad spectrum of actions on the feeding system of Aplysia, we searched for bioactive peptides that are present in both the gut and the CNS. We identified a family of structurally related nonapeptides and decapeptides (enterins) that are present in the gut and CNS of Aplysia, and most of which share the HSFVamide sequence at the C terminus. The structure of the enterin precursor deduced from cDNA cloning predicts 35 copies of 20 different enterins. Northern analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry show that the enterins are abundantly present in the CNS and the gut of Aplysia. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry we characterized the enterin-precursor processing, demonstrated that all of the precursor-predicted enterins are present, and determined post-translational modifications of various enterins. Enterin-positive neuronal somata and processes were found in the gut, and enterins inhibited contractions of the gut. In the CNS, the cerebral and buccal ganglia, which control feeding, contained the enterins. Enterin was also present in the nerve that connects these two ganglia. Enterins reduced the firing of interneurons B4/5 during feeding motor programs. Such enterin-induced reduction of firing also occurred when excitability of B4/5 was tested directly. Because reduction of B4/5 activity corresponds to a switch from egestive to ingestive behaviors, enterin may contribute to such program switching. Furthermore, because enterins are present throughout the nervous system, they may also play a regulatory role in nonfeeding behaviors of Aplysia.

The isolation, characterization, and bioactivity in the feeding circuitry of a novel neuropeptide in the Aplysia californica central nervous system are reported. The 17-residue amidated peptide, NGGTADALYNLPDLEKIamide, has been termed cerebrin due to its primary location in the cerebral ganglion. Liquid chromatographic puri®cation guided by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-¯ight mass spectrometry allowed the isolation of the peptide with purity adequate for Edman sequencing. The cerebrin cDNA has been characterized and encodes an 86 amino acid prohormone that predicts cerebrin and one additional peptide. Mapping using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry showed that cerebrin containing neuronal somata are localized almost exclusively in the cerebral ganglion, mostly in the F-and C-clusters. Both immunostaining and mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of cerebrin in the neurohemal region of the upper labial nerve. In addition, immunoreactive processes were detected in the neuropil of all of the ganglia, including the buccal ganglia, and in some interganglionic connectives, including the cerebral-buccal connective. This suggests that cerebrin may also function as a local signaling molecule. Cerebrin has a profound effect on the feeding motor pattern elicited by the command-like neuron CBI-2, dramatically shortening the duration of the radula protraction in a concentration-dependent manner, mimicking the motor-pattern alterations observed in food induced arousal states. These ®ndings suggest that cerebrin may contribute to food-induced arousal in the animal. Cerebrin-like immunoreactivity is also present in Lymnaea stagnalis suggesting that cerebrin-like peptides may be widespread throughout gastropoda. Keywords: Aplysia californica, cDNA cloning, in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, Lymnaea stagnalis, MALDI MS. Invertebrate model systems are used extensively to gain insight into neural mechanisms that are responsible for the expression and plasticity of behavior. In these systems, characterization of behavior-mediating circuits is greatly facilitated by the fact that neural circuits contain a limited number of neurons. Consequently, in many invertebrates, the neural circuits that mediate a variety of behaviors have been extensively characterized. However, in order to understand the neural basis of behavior it is also necessary to have fairly complete knowledge of signaling molecules that affect the circuits from within and without. Neuropeptides represent the largest and most diverse group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Advantageous features of invertebrate nervous systems have greatly facilitated identi®cation of neuropeptides that are involved in generating and modifying a number of behaviors. Several important insights into the role of various neuropeptides have been obtained and the functional consequence of the large peptide diversity in several well-de®ned neuronal networks is actively being investigated (Marder et al. 1995;Brezina and Weiss 19...

We have purified a novel pentapeptide from the Aplysia nervous system using bioassay on gut contractions. The structure of the peptide is Pro-ArgGln-Phe-Val-amide (PRQFVa). The precursor for PRQFVa was found to code for 33 copies of PRQFVamide and four related pentapeptides. Peaks corresponding to the predicted masses of all five pentapeptides were detected in Aplysia neurons by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Northern analysis revealed that expression of the precursor is abundant in the abdominal ganglion, much less in the pedal and cerebral ganglia, and rarely seen in the buccal and pleural ganglia. PRQFVa-positive neurons, mapped by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, were present in all the central ganglia. PRQFVa immunopositive processes were observed in the gut, particularly in association with the vasculature. Some arteries and other highly vascularized tissues, such as the gill and the kidney, also contain numerous PRQFVa immunopositive processes. Application of synthetic PRQFVa suppresses not only contractions of the gut but also contractions of vasculature. PRQFVa is expressed in some of the neurons within the feeding circuitry and application of synthetic PRQFVa was found to decrease the excitability of some (B4/5 and B31/32) but not all (B8) neurons of the buccal feeding circuit. Our findings suggest that PRQFVa may act as a modulator within the feeding system as well as in other systems of Aplysia.

In a piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composite, the piezoceramic and the nonpiezoelectric polymer will have different deformations when subjected to an external electrical or mechanical stimulus. This local, nonuniform deformation eventually determines the overall electromechanical behavior of the composite. In the current investigation, static surface displacements of piezocomposites with 1-3 and 1-1-3 connectivity were measured using a scanning heterodyne laser interferometer. The influence of a thin interlayer surrounding the piezoceramic rods on the resulting displacement profiles was investigated and correlated with rod/polymer adhesion. The elastic stiffness of the interlayer as well as the interfacial adhesion had a significant effect on the rod displacement. Rods coated with a very compliant interlayer had a much larger displacement than untreated rods, while rods treated with a silane coupling agent to enhance adhesion had a much lower displacement. Experimental displacement profiles were found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Piezocomposites have demonstrated higher sensitivity and lower mechanical losses than single phase piezoelectric materials. As with any composite material, the properties and behavior of piezocomposites are highly dependent on the properties of the constituent materials and the interface between them. In this paper, the micromechanical behavior of 1-3 piezocomposites is investigated. An analytical model is developed for predicting the static displacement behavior of a single piezoelectric rod embedded in a matrix. In the model, the ceramic rod is treated as transversely isotropic since it has different piezoelectric coefficients in the longitudinal and transverse directions. It is proposed that presence of a thin interlayer or polymer coating around the ceramic rods can influence the longitudinal displacement of the rods and change the overall sensitivity. A composite cylinder model is adopted to incorporate the presence of an interlayer with varying properties. Theoretical predictions indicate that the introduction of a compliant interlayer greatly increases the outof-plane displacement of the rod and the sensitivity of the composite.

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