Tsai et al.: Zinc Induces Cell Proliferation and Cell Death in HFDPCs In the present investigation, the effects of zinc on the growth of human follicle dermal papilla cells were determined. A higher dose of zinc was found to significantly increase the proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells and the expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins. However, cell death, an increase in the apoptotic protein Bax, and caspase-3 activation were also observed in zinc-treated human follicle dermal papilla cells. The results from our present study suggest that the regulation of human follicle dermal papilla cells proliferation or death by zinc might be directly involved in hair regrowth in a narrow dose range.
Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. (Boraginaceae) is a Chinese herbal medicine with antioxidant activities, detoxicating qualities and antiinflammatory uses [1-3]. Numerous pharmacological observations have shown therapeutic effects. Lin et al. revealed that isolated components from the stems of T. sarmentosa decreased Cu 2+-induced low-density-lipoprotein oxidation [1]. Teng et al. investigated the hepatotoxicity effects of T. sarmentosa stem extract and found that it reduced elevated levels of liver function markers, including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It also reduced levels of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in acetaminophen-intoxicated rats [2]. However, some results measured the inflammatory cytokine expression in cells treated with T. sarmentosa stem extract are contradictory. For example, extracts of T. sarmentosa enhanced the release of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α [4] and increased phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils [4-5]. Various pharmacologically active compounds from aqueous stem extract of T. sarmentosa have been identified [3] and these components play roles in immune or detoxification regulation. For example, salvianolic acid A, isosalvianolic acid C, and rosmarinic acid exhibited roles in reducing reactive oxygen species activity [1]. Caffeic acid increased the phagocytic ability of macrophages and neutrophils by increasing phosphorylated p38 MAPK or AKT, respectively [4-5]. Salvianolic acid inhibited phagocytic ability of macrophages by suppressing lipopolysaccharideinduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation [4]. These results
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