Two field studies were conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to determine the effects of row pattern (91.4-cm single or 20.3-cm twin) and seeding rate (single: 12.5, 17.4, or 22.6 seed m-1or twin: 6.2, 8.9, or 11.5 seed m-1) on peanut stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) development. The first study was conducted in a naturally infested field and relative efficacy of azoxystrobin (Abound 2.08 F, applied at a rate of 0.3 kg a.i. ha-1 at 60 and 90 days after planting [DAP]) also was evaluated. In this study, stem rot incidence was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in single rows planted at high seeding rates than in twin rows planted at any of the seeding rates. Row pattern did not affect azoxystrobin efficacy, and disease incidence was nearly half as much in twin rows treated with fungicide than incidence in single rows treated with fungicide. In the second field study, individual peanut plants in fumigated plots were inoculated once with S. rolfsii at 50, 70, or 90 DAP. Stem rot incidence at harvest was significantly greater on plants inoculated 50 DAP than plants inoculated 70 or 90 DAP. The incidence of spread to adjacent rows was higher in plots where plants were inoculated at 50 than at 90 DAP. Plants inoculated 90 DAP had less disease at harvest, but often developed more severe symptoms within the first week after inoculation compared with plants inoculated 50 or 70 DAP. Symptoms were more severe in single than in twin rows, and at the higher seeding rates. Data from these studies suggest that the physical spacing between plants is a critical factor in stem rot development both on individual plants and in plant populations.

A 2-yr study was conducted on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) soil near Sasser, GA during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons to determine the effects of three plant row orientations (single, twin, and multi-row) and two plant populations on the pod yield, market grade, and stem rot disease incidence of peanut when irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Seeds were planted at the recommended rate [20 seeds/m; 1.0R (recommended rate)] and half the recommended rate (10 seeds/m; 0.5R). Plots were irrigated daily to replace estimated daily evapotranspiration (ETa). Twin row orientation had the highest pod yield with 5407 kg/ha compared with the other row orientations, which averaged 4897 kg/ha. Market grade (total sound mature kernels, TSMK) for the twin and diamond row orientation was 1% point higher (74.7%) compared with the single row orientation. Pod yield was 8.5% greater for the 1.0R seeding rate compared with the 0.5R seeding rate. Stem rot incidence was highest in the single row orientation and lowest in the diamond row orientation. Within the three row orientations, kernel size distribution characteristics showed jumbo kernels had mixed percentages, with medium and ones showing no differences. The 1.0R plant population did have 4.4 % more jumbo kernels than the 0.5R plant population. This study indicates that twin row orientation and planted at the recommended rate (1.0R) had the best pod yield and market grade compared with single row orientation when irrigated with SDI.

Two microplot studies were conducted with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to determine the effects of plant spacing, inoculation date, and cultivar on stem rot development caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., tomato spotted wilt incidence, and microclimate (temperature and relative humidity). Stem rot severity and incidence decreased as plant spacings were increased in 5-cm increments from 5 to 30 cm. Two cultivars with similar susceptibility but different growth habits were compared. Perhaps due to heavy irrigation and extensive vegetative growth, stem rot was similar for ‘Florida MDR-98’ and ‘Georgia Browne’. Plants inoculated later in the year (90 days after planting [DAP]) had less disease at harvest, but often developed more severe symptoms within the first week of inoculation than plants inoculated at 50 or 70 DAP. Canopy microclimate was different than ambient conditions for all treatments; however, differences among treatments were inconsistent and did not explain differences in disease among spacings. Generally, as plant spacing decreased and plant population increased, stem rot increased and tomato spotted wilt was reduced. These data demonstrate that the physical spacing between plants is a critical factor in disease development.

and Tennessee (6,22). At that time, many researchers felt that the disease could become widespread in the Southeast and Midwestern states in 2005. However, by year's end, SBR was only observed in the Southeast. The disease did not spread to the Midwestern soybean producing states, perhaps due to low inoculum levels, low spore viability, and/or poor environmental conditions for SBR development.

Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd., which causes Asian soybean rust (SBR), was observed on Florida beggarweed, Desmodium tortuosum (Sw) DC., in Attapulgus, GA during late October and early November 2005. Tan to brown lesions (<1.0 mm in diameter) consistent with symptoms of SBR (2) were observed on older leaves of several plants collected near an SBR-infected soybean trial. Dissection (40 to 60×) and compound microscopy (×200 to 400) revealed conical pustules and ellipsoid, echinulate urediniospores (average size 15 × 20 μm) on the abaxial leaf surface. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (primers Ppm1 and Ppa2) (1) was conducted on four samples to confirm identification of P. pachyrhizi or P. meibomiae. Three were positive for P. pachyrhizi, and one was negative for both species. Using morphology and real-time PCR, SBR was confirmed as P. pachyrhizi by the USDA/APHIS in Beltsville, MD. Six noninfected Florida beggarweed plants were transplanted to pots during December 2005 and grown at 22 to 24°C in a greenhouse. On 11 January 2006, a water suspension of urediniospores collected from SBR-infected soybeans (1 × 105 spores per ml) was spray inoculated on all leaves to almost runoff and incubated for 48 h in a plastic humidity chamber. Lesions, pustules, and urediniospores consistent with SBR (2) were observed on 3 February 2006. A PCR assay was conducted on six samples from the infected greenhouse plants and all were positive for P. pachyrhizi. Florida beggarweed is widespread in the southern United States and may serve as an additional overwintering source for P. pachyrhizi and a potential inoculum source for the soybean crop. References: (1) R. D. Fredrick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) J. B. Sinclair and G. L. Hartman. Soybean rust. Pages 25–26 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999.

Hourly concentrations of airborne sporangia of Peronospora antirrhini at a commercial snapdragon farm were investigated over three growing seasons to determine the influence of the environment on their occurrence and concentration. Hourly concentrations of sporangia of P. antirrhini were estimated using a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. Atmospheric sporangial concentrations followed a diurnal pattern and were greatest during 0500 to 1200 h. Minimum daily temperatures <10.0°C appeared to have a moderate limiting effect on atmospheric sporangial concentrations, whereas temperatures <6.0°C had more severe limiting effects. Maximum daily temperatures ≥30.0°C limited concentrations of atmospheric sporangia. Long dew periods (≥6 h) were associated with relatively large sporangia releases. On 69 days (1999 to 2001), the total number of sporangia trapped was >100/m3/day, and the average length of leaf wetness duration prior to these releases was 11 h. Consecutive days with short leaf wetness periods were associated with low atmospheric sporangial concentrations. Significant positive correlations (P = 0.0502 and P = 0.0174) were found between total rainfall and total spore count for both research plots in 2000. Information gained from this study will contribute to the development of a disease management program that utilizes environmental cues to prompt fungicide applications, thus increasing the efficiency of fungicide programs and delaying the development of pathogen resistance.