Triticum urartu is a wild diploid wheat identified as donor of the A genome in polyploid wheats. This species could be used as a genetic resource for wheat quality breeding. The HMWGs and B-LMWGs of this species were analysed by SDS-PAGE in 169 accessions from Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, the former Soviet Union, and Turkey. Seventeen alleles for the Glu-Au1 locus and 24 for the Glu-Au3 locus were found. The allelic variation was asymmetrically distributed, Turkey being the country where the largest number of alleles was found. Genetic diversity was high, although a great part of this diversity is at risk of erosion given that the distribution of the combinations among the evaluated accessions was not random. Consequently, the loss of these accessions could mean the disappearance of the allelic variants. The alleles found for both loci were different from those detected in cultivated wheats. These results provided new basic knowledge regarding the genetic variability of the seed storage proteins synthesised by the Au genome, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for quality breeding in wheat programs.
Granule-bound starch synthase of ancient wheat and related species was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel. A total of 13 different alleles were revealed in a collection of three accessions of diploid wheat, six accessions of tetraploid wheat, 49 accessions of spelt wheat, nine accessions of Sitopsis and two accessions of Aegilops tauschii. A new allele named Wx-A1a' appeared in four spelt wheat accessions. The tetraploid wheat accessions evaluated did not show any polymorphism; nevertheless the tetraploid accessions of Sitopsis section revealed three novel alleles. The novel allele Wx-D(dn)1g was found in two accessions of A. ventricosa and the Wx-D(dcm)1h and Wx-D(dcm)1i in two accessions of A. crassa. A novel allele named Wx-A(u)1g was found in Triticum urartu, which is different from the also new Wx-A(m)1h allele of T. monococcum. The diploid-related species accessions revealed two novel alleles named Wx-B(sl)1h and Wx-B(s)1g found, respectively, in A. longissima and A. speltoides. The amylose content was measured for the different alleles found in all evaluated species and no significant effects of the allele composition on the amylose content were detected
The results suggested that the waxy gene variability present in wheat is undervalued. The evaluation of this variability has permitted the detection of ten new waxy alleles that could affect starch quality and thus could be used in modern wheat breeding. In addition, two different classes of Wx-B1 were detected that could be used for evaluating the phylogenetic relationships and the origins of different types of wheat.
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