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For a sample followed from age 9–13 (N=281), this investigation examined developmental trajectories for social and physical aggression as measured by teacher ratings. Trajectories for both forms of aggression were estimated first separately, then jointly. Mean levels of both social and physical aggression decreased over time for the overall sample, but with high variability of individual trajectories. Subgroups followed high trajectories for both social and physical aggression. Joint estimation yielded six trajectories: low stable, low increasers, medium increasers, medium desisters, high desisters, and high increasers. Membership in the high increaser group was predicted by male gender, unmarried parents, African American ethnicity, and maternal authoritarian and permissive parenting. Permissive parenting also predicted membership in the medium increaser group. This is one of the first studies to examine social aggression longitudinally across this developmental period. Though the results challenge the claim that social aggression is at its peak in early adolescence, the findings emphasize the importance of considering different developmental trajectories in trying to understand origins and outcomes of aggression.

This study investigated developmental trajectories for prosocial behavior for a sample followed from age 10 – 18 and examined possible adjustment outcomes associated with membership in different trajectory groups. Participants were 136 boys and 148 girls, their teachers, and their parents (19.4% African American, 2.4% Asian, 51.9% Caucasian, 19.5% Hispanic, and 5.8% other). Teachers rated children’s prosocial behavior yearly in grades 4 – 12. At the end of the 12th grade year, teachers, parents, and participants reported externalizing behaviors and participants reported internalizing symptoms, narcissism, and features of borderline personality disorder. Results suggested that prosocial behavior remained stable from middle childhood through late adolescence. Group-based mixture modeling revealed three prosocial trajectory groups: low (18.7%), medium (52.8%), and high (29.6%). Membership in the high prosocial trajectory group predicted lower levels of externalizing behavior as compared to the low prosocial trajectory group, and for girls, lower levels of internalizing symptoms. Membership in the medium prosocial trajectory group also predicted being lower on externalizing behaviors. Membership in the high prosocial trajectory group predicted lower levels of borderline personality features for girls only.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and University of Wisconsin Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Land Economics. ABSTRACT. Residential housing sales data from the San Francisco Bay area are merged with earthquake hazard measures, geologic measures, neighborhood quality measures, and community characteristics in order to estimate the hedonic price of earthquake risk before and after the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake. The estimates suggest that the hedonic price fell after the earthquake, indicating that consumers had initially overestimated the earthquake hazard. This suggests that information about earthquake risks is imperfect and that some efficiency may be realized by devoting more resources to earthquake risk communication. (JEL R32, QOO, D8) Beron, Murdoch, and Vijverberg are with the School of Social Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas; Thayer is with the Department of Economics, San Diego State University.The Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1994, a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, caused similarly heavy damage in the Los Angeles area. This event left 61 people dead, 18,480 injured, and 25,000 homeless. More than 55,000 structures were damaged, including the area's extensive freeway system, resulting in closures at seven locations. Total damages were estimated to be $13-$15 billion. An analysis of this event, similar to the one presented herein, would yield additional insights into consumer response to natural hazards.

This investigation examined the relation between developmental trajectories jointly estimated for social and physical aggression and adjustment problems at age 14. Teachers provided ratings of children's social and physical aggression in Grades 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for a sample of 255 children (131 girls, 21% African American, 52% European American, 21% Mexican American). Participants, parents, and teachers completed measures of the adolescent's adjustment to assess internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. Results showed that membership in a high and rising trajectory group predicted rulebreaking behaviors and borderline personality features. Membership in a high desister group predicted internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. The findings suggest that although low levels of social and physical aggression may not bode poorly for adjustment, individuals engaging in high levels of social and physical aggression in middle childhood may be at greatest risk for adolescent psychopathology, whether they increase or desist in their aggression through early adolescence.Children and adolescents who frequently exclude others, manipulate friendships, and spread malicious gossip may suffer emotional problems because of the interpersonal stress they create in their own social worlds, negative consequences they may face from peers, and the lack of trust that likely results from undermining others covertly. Because social and physical aggression are highly correlated (Card, Stucky, Sawalani, & Little, 2008), youth who harm others by disrupting their relationships may also be at risk for some of the same negative outcomes as children who are physically aggressive: delinquency, substance abuse, internalizing disorders, and dropping out of school (for a review, see Dodge, Coie, & Lynam, 2006). This research investigated whether childhood trajectories jointly estimated for social and physical aggression predict adolescent internalizing problems, rule-breaking behaviors, and features of borderline and narcissistic personality disorders.Three overlapping constructs describe subtle forms of aggression that damage relationships: indirect aggression (Buss, 1961;Feshbach, 1969;Lagerspetz, Bjorkqvist, & Peltonen, 1988), social aggression (Cairns, Cairns, Neckerman, Ferguson, & Gariepy, 1989;Galen & Underwood, 1997), and relational aggression (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). The conceptualization of social aggression differs from related constructs in that it includes nonverbal as well as verbal forms of social exclusion (Coyne, Archer, & Eslea, 2006; © Cambridge University Press 2011Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Marion K. Underwood, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, GR 41, Richardson, TX 75080; undrwd@utdallas.edu.. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptDev Psychopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 1. NIH-PA Author M...

This paper develops a correlated probit model to describe dichotomous choices that may contain a public-goods component or some other forms of interdependency. The key contribution of the paper is to formulate tests for interdependent behavior among agents. In particular, we examine the decisions by nations whether or not to ratify the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Specifically, we reject free riding as a motive for not ratifying the Protocol, and we find little evidence that individual nations were influenced by the behavior of their largest trading partners. Hence, the data suggest that, with respect to the Montreal Protocol, most nations acted without regard for the actions of other nations. © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.