Health risks stemming from betel-quid (BQ) chewing are frequently overlooked by people. Updated epidemiological data on the increased BQ use among Asian populations using comparable data collection methods have not been widely available. To investigate the prevalence, patterns of practice and associated types of oral preneoplastic disorders, an intercountry Asian Betelquid Consortium study (the ABC study) was conducted for Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal and Sri Lanka. A random sample of 8,922 subjects was recruited, and the data were analyzed using survey-data modules adjusted for the complex survey design. Chewing rates among men (10.7-43.6%) were significantly higher than women (1.8-34.9%) in Taiwan, Mainland China, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while women's rates (29.5-46.8%) were higher than that for men (9.8-12.0%) in Malaysia and Indonesia. An emerging, higher proportion of new-users were identified for Hunan in Mainland China (11.1-24.7%), where Hunan chewers have the unique practice of using the dried husk of areca fruit rather than the solid nut universally used by others. Men in the Eastern and South Asian study communities were deemed likely to combine chewing with smoking and drinking (5.6-13.6%). Indonesian women who chewed BQ exhibited the highest prevalence of oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis and oral leukoplakia (9.1-17.3%). Lower schooling, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking were identified as being associated with BQ chewing. In conclusion, the ABC study reveals the significant cultural and demographic differences contributing to practice patterns of BQ usage and the great health risks that such practices pose in the Asian region.
Betel quid abuse is high in regions of Asia where it is customarily practiced, and such abuse correlates highly with OPDs. By recognizing abuse-associated factors, health policies and preventive frameworks can be effectively constructed to combat these oral preneoplasms.
Objective: Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic debilitating pain and is caused by disease or lesion of somatosensory system. NP respond worse to the pharmacological drugs leading to this pain still a big problem in medical treatment and furthermore make many patients seek alternative treatment. Wet cupping therapy (WCT) has been widely used to relief both of acute and chronic pain, but the mechanism for reducing pain has not yet been clear. Recent studies have shown that NP is associated with alteration of GLT-1/EAAT2, and WCT has beneficial role to reduce the pain in various pain models. This is the pilot study, no other study has applied WCT in chronic constriction injury (CCI) models, the most commonly employed animal model of NP. Therefore, we investigate the association between WCT and the reducing pain by looking at the increase of GLT-1 and time withdrawal latency (TWL) in rats with CCI. Methodology: The study design was randomized, post-test only, controlled trial with a total of 21 male rats (Rattus Norvegicus) with CCI, aged 4 months, weighing 220 to 250 g, randomly divided into three groups, P1 (sham CCI group), P2 (CCI group), and P3 (CCI group plus WCT). WCT had been applied 2 times/week for 3 weeks to all of the groups in paralumbar region, both left and right side. TWL was recorded to assess pain threshold of the rats by hot plate and the expression of GLT-1 on glial cells in spinal cord were counted. Results: This study revealed that mean ± SD values for P1, P2, and P3 were 7.20 ± 1.30, 2.57 ± 1.27, and 18.20 ± 3.50 respectively. There were significant differences in the TWL between groups P1-P2, P1-P3, and P2-P3 (p = 0.003, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.0001 respectively) and GLT-1 increase was significant between groups P2-P3 (p = 0.009). Conclusion: It can be concluded that wet cupping therapy decreases the pain by increasing the time withdrawal latency and GLT-1 in chronic constriction injury models. We suggest that wet cupping therapy as a promising method to reduce pain in peripheral neuropathic pain models. However, further investigation is still needed to confirm its mechanism of action. Key words: GLT-1/EAAT2; Neuropathic pain; Wet cupping therapy; Chronic constriction injury; CCI, TWL Citation: Hidayati HB, Machfoed MH, Kuntoro, Subadi I, Khaerunnisa S, Widjiati. Increase in the glutamate transporter 1 and time withdrawal latency following wet cupping therapy in chronic constriction injury in rats. Anaesth. pain & intensive care 2021;25(1):48-54. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i1.1441 Received: 24 January 2019, Reviewed: 4 January 2019, 14 January 2019, Revised: 24 January 2019, Accepted: 20 May 2019
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