Gastro retentive drug delivery system have been a significant approach over the past few years to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract for local or systemic effect. Conventional oral dosage forms having low bioavailability problems due to their rapid gastric transition from stomach, in case of drugs which are less soluble at alkaline pH of intestine. Further drugs which produce their local action in stomach, get rapidly emptied do not get enough residence time in stomach.Hence, the frequency of dose administration in such cases is increased.To avoid these problems, various efforts have been made to prolong the retention time of drug in stomach. Floating system has been considered as imperative categories of drug delivery system which has gastric retentive behaviour. FDDS is lowdensity systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over the gastric contents and remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time without affecting the gastric emptying rate. The review article explain the various floating drug delivery system that are formulated in order to enhance the drug bioavailability, reduce drug wastage & provide controlled drug delivery & better patient compliant. Several approaches & techniques were developed in recent years for FDDS are discussed.
Malaria is one of the deadliest and oldest disease known to mankind for more than 2000 years that causes the death of 0.4 million individuals in 2009. In the era of resistance, multi-drug resistance, finding a new efficacious & potent molecule is always a challenge for Pharmacological science. Researcher across the globe see resistance threat in every molecule. Every drug, molecule whether new or old have resistance possibility. Therefore, researcher in this study tried to understand the behavior of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (PYn) which is most experimented & reported animal malaria model equivalent to plasmodium vivax in human with chloroquine & the possibility of resistance reversal for some herbal extracts. 2-20 times chloroquine doses (10-100 mg/ kg) are not able to produce sufficient efficacy in chloroquine resistant PYn. Where 5 mg/ kg dose of chloroquine is effective dose against the chloroquine sensitive dose. Same while, most of the plant extracts are also not able to produce minimal therapeutic response on Chloroquine resistant plasmodium when given alone. However, plant extracts Azadirachta indica (AI) at 300 mg/ kg & 1000 mg/ kg shows a better effect when given with chloroquine 20 mg/ kg then alone. Out of all plant extracts hydroalcoholic extracts of dried leaves & ethanolic extract of dried bark of AI. Current approach of multi-drug dosage supports also supported here in the study with a thought of using antimalarial plant extracts during regular malaria treatment. Genesis of idea of referring standardized plant extract(s) in combination as oral dosage with prophylactic (travelers) malaria & malaria treatment or side-food for malaria will also possible. Positive results may pave a path for inclusion of herbal extracts or herbs as side treatment or drug resistance-breaker food for malaria.
Antimalarial effect of some medicinal plants found in Uttarakhand (India) is least explored by the scientific community locally. Advent of resistance to various antimalarial drugs by plasmodium made malaria more fatal and life-threatening disease. Therefore, present need is to invest more effort and interest in research for antimalarials from medicinal plants. Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (PYn) is multi drug resistance malaria parasite known for resistance to chloroquine (CQ), quinine, quinidine, amodiaquine, halofantrine, mepacrine, and mefloquine. The P. yoelii produces 100% infections in animals. Researchers in this study tried to understand the behavior of CQ -resistant plasmodium PYn with CQ, whole plant extracts of Andrographis paniculata (AP) with possibility of their resistance reversal. Wherever, 3–4 times CQ doses are not able to produce sufficient antimalarial effect in resistant PYn. Most of the pure plant extracts are also not able to produce minimal therapeutic response when given alone. Whereas, plant extract shows a better effect when given with minimal dose CQ than alone. AP whole plant hydroalcoholic (HA) extract doses 300 mg/kg when combining CQ 20 mg/kg shows the best effect among the other extracts alone. Parasitemia and red blood cells count parameters significantly improved. Hemoglobin, survival days and weight are benefitted with HA extract then ethanolic extract. Unexpectedly, HA extract at higher dosage 1000 mg/kg produce efficacy then 300 mg/kg dose group. Higher doses of HA extract causes some sort of negative effect on almost all selected parameters even though with ethanolic extract. Present approach of multi-drug dosage supports also supported here in the study with a thought of using antimalarial plant extracts during regular malaria treatment. Genesis of idea of referring standardized plant extract(s) in combination as oral dosage with prophylactic (travelers) malaria and malaria treatment or side-food for malaria will also possible. Positive results may pave a path for inclusion of herbal extracts or herbs as side treatment or resistance-breaker food for malaria.
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