Stature, body weight, left foot length and breadth were measured on East Javanese, Filipinas in Northern Luzon, and Japanese in Tokyo. No footwear is used by the Javanese, rubber sandals are used by the Filipinas, and sneakers or leather shoes by the Japanese group. Regression lines regardless of age were obtained among these four measurements, body mass index (BMI), and relative foot breadth to foot length. The relationships between general body size and foot size/shape were examined with regard to footwear. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) in either sex, compared with the Japanese, the East Javanese have a longer foot for the same stature and body weight, and a wider foot for the same BMI and the same foot length; (2) the relationship between BMI and foot shape (breadth/length) is nearly the same in the Filipinas and the Japanese females, (3) sexual dimorphism of the foot is greater among the East Javanese than among the Japanese; (4) as body size/weight increases sexual dimorphism diminishes among the East Javanese, whereas it is more emphasized among the Japanese; (5) the appropriateness of the regression equation obtained from measurements of present-day barefoot peoples for estimation of the stature of prehistoric humans is supported.
There is a considerable corpus of evidence indicating that athletes succeeding in certain sports have distinctive body shapes that differ according to the demands of the type of sports and competitive level. The aim of this study was to determine the specific morphological characteristics of young male athletes compared with non-athlete students in Indonesia. Anthropometric measurements of 19 badminton players, 96 soccer players, 74 volleyball players, and 51 non-athlete undergraduate students, aged 16 to 28, were obtained in 1994 and 1995. Stature, body weight, bicondylar breadths of the humerus and femur, calf and upper arm circumferences, and skinfolds (at triceps, subscapula, calf, and supraspine) were measured for each subject. Heath-Carter somatotypes were determined in all the subjects. The results of the ANOVA of the body measurements showed that the three groups of athletes and the non-athlete students were heterogeneous: the badminton players were shorter and lighter with greater skinfold values among the athlete groups; the soccer players were relatively shorter and with smaller skinfold values and greater arm and leg girths; and the volleyball players were taller and heavier with smaller elbow and knee breadths and very small skinfold values. The non-athlete students were characterized by greater arm girth, elbow breadths, knee breadths, and back and leg skinfolds. In mean somatotype category, the badminton players were 'central' (3.3-3.7-3.7), the soccer players were 'balanced mesomorph' (2.7-4.9-3.0), the volleyball players were 'mesomorph-ectomorph' (2.4-3.5-3.7), and the non-athlete students were 'ectomorphic mesomorph' (2.7-5.2-3.8). Comparisons of international scope with each of the different sports showed that the Indonesian players were extremely short and light.
A total of 704 girls and 753 boys, all healthy, from 3 to 18 years of age, from Tokyo and its suburbs, were radiographed on the left hand and wrist in 1986. Their RUS (TW2) skeletal maturity was estimated, the 50th-centile skeletal maturity scores were obtained, and the smoothed RUS maturity curves were determined applying the cubic spline function to the 50th-centile scores. On this maturity curve the score at each 0.1 year of chronological age was obtained and allocated as a given RUS skeletal age. This set of scores and ages we termed the TW2-J RUS, i.e. the Japanese TW2 RUS maturity standard. Comparing this RUS standard with the British standard, the Belgian, the southern Chinese, and the northern Indian, it became clear that Japanese children's RUS skeletal maturity progresses rapidly during puberty (after ages 9 in girls and 11 in boys), and that the maximum score difference between neighbouring age groups was observed at ages 12.5 in girls and 14.5 in boys on the spline-smoothed curve. Japanese children attain the adult stage 1 or 2 years earlier than other groups of children (at ages 15 in girls and 16 in boys).
Determining which of various 'final height' definitions is most applicable to the data sets is a useful preceding step for studies concerning adult stature prediction. This paper presents an examination of three definitions and their validity when practically applied to two different longitudinal data sets. Two data series examined in this study are T-data (31 boys and 35 girls born between 1967 and 1978) and H-data (113 girls born between 1956 and 1966). Three definitions of final height applied to the data are: (1) Final stature at 18 years of age (Fht (18)); (2) Stature after a year with an annual increment less than 0.5 cm (Fht (0.5)); and (3) The highest measurement (Fht (hst)). The results of this study suggest the greatest height of an individual measurement (Fht (hst)) is the most effective definition of 'final stature' for practical use. This definition can be applied to various types of data, whether measurements are obtained from individuals during school periods, or whether measurements are obtained from individuals until the cessation of growth.
Two children, a sister and a younger brother, were measured with regard to stature, head and neck height, iliospinal height, and trunk length, every morning and evening for one year. They were 7.5 years old and 6.6 years old, respectively, on the first day of the investigation. In both children, stature and trunk length, but not the other dimensions, were longer in the morning and shorter in the evening. Almost all the year's statural elongation was due to lower limb elongation, but there was a sharp upward turn in April-May which resulted from an increase in trunk length. The head and neck height curves were flat throughout the year.
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