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Introduction: Infections caused by Gram negative bacteria, producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase, including Klebsiella pneumoniae are increasing all over the world with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was determined antimicrobial profile susceptibility and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes by multiplex PCR. Methods: In the present study, we obtained one-hundred isolates of K. pneumoniae from different clinical samples. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done in thirteen antibiotic and, therefore, M-PCRs were conducted using the DNA amplification for detection of ESBLs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV) and int (I, II, III) genes. Results: The results of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, ampicillin, aztreonam, imipenem, gentamicin, ceftazidime, Cefepime, ceftriaxone and levofloxacin were obtained 37%, 37%, 93%, 84%, 52%, 87%, 59%, 8%, 24%, 67%, 52%, 43% and 26%, respectively. The frequency of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase K. pneumoniae was obtained 37%. The prevalence of resistance genes of ESBLs in the M-PCR method showed that the blaTEM, blaCTX and blaSHV were 38%, 24% and 19%, respectively, however, only 8 (8%) out of 100 isolates were found to have positive outcomes for the existence of class 1 integrons and there were no detected class 2 or class 3 integrons. Conclusions: Our results recommend the likely co-carriage of some ESBLs genes and antibiotic resistance integrons on the same plasmids harboring the MDR genes. Keywords: fKlebsiella pneumonia, integrons, drug resistance. | PubMed

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Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the pathogens of the intestine, which is transmitted to humans through water and food materials, especially contaminated meats and dairy products. The infected meats have no apparent symptoms of putrefaction and eating of such meats in raw or undercooked forms can lead to gastroenteritis, dysentery, mesenteric lymphadenitis, or even death. The aim of this research is to survey the frequency of Y. enterocolitica in different types of broiler meats and compare their ratio of infection in Tabriz City. To carry out this study, 120 samples of broiler meats were collected by random sampling. The samples were divided into groups corresponding to the parameters of packaging, no packaging, variety of preservation, and storing time. All of the samples were carried to the laboratory aseptically in cold boxes and the required microbiological tests (culture, staining, and biochemical tests) were performed. 15.8% of all of the studied broiler meats were contaminated with Y. enterocolitica. The analysis of results with fisher exact and chi-square tests showed that there was no meaningful diversity among the all the studied samples groups. A considerable quantity of broiler meats was contaminated with this bacterium without any symptoms of infection. If meat products are not cooked well, the preservation of such food materials in refrigerator provides an opportunity for their proliferation; regarding the absence of any symptoms, eating of such foods can cause gastroenteritis and other digestive disorders in consumers.

The most important microorganisms contaminating milk, such as staphylococci, exert their influence by producing toxins and biogenic amines (BA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of cell-free supernatants (CFS) related to the probiotic strains of Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the expression of BA-producing genes, histamine decarboxylase, and tyramine decarboxylase in staphylococci isolated from milk. Staphylococci isolates of cow raw milk were identified and isolated using standard methods. Samples containing these strains were analyzed by HPLC for BA production. Bacteria with target genes were treated with L. lactis and B. bifidum CFS, and the expression of target genes was measured by Real time PCR. Generally, 60 strains of Staphylococcus were isolated, and 90% of strains had HDC and TDC genes in genome. The levels of BAs were significantly higher on the second and third days after sampling compared with the first day (p <0.02). The analysis RT-PCR indicated that the under expression of target genes was statistically significant (P<0.05). This study showed that the use of probiotic bacteria can reduce the production of these amines and increase the quality of milk through reducing the expression of tyramine and histamine producing genes.

Atypic mycobacterial granulomatous skin infections are often caused by Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and rarely Mycobacterium avium. The lesions appear as papules, nodules in hands, plaque blisters, wart ulcers and markers transmission (sporotrichosis) in the path of lymph glands and lesions; and display a granulomatous accumulation of giant cells. Infection is limited to the skin, and in other cases it could lead to immunosuppression. To determine if mycobacteria were present in granulomatose skin lesion, a total of 58 paraffine tissue blocks were obtained and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene. PCR amplification demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in 18 blocks (31%). Among these 18 blocks, 8 (44%) positive for M. marinum, 33 (17%) for M. ulcerans, 5 isolates (27%) M. fortuitum and M. chelonae, 2 (12%) M. avium. We conclude that mycobacteria ought to be considered in the treatment of skin granulomas in Iran.

Background:The genome of Enterococcus has a large number of repetitive sequences that are randomly distributed over DNA. In ERIC-PCR, a separate pattern is obtained for each strain and is considered a separate type. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes include dispersed repeat sequences that are relatively short non-coding, and dispersed in the bacterial genome. BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR primers are complementary to these repeat sequences and allow for dedicated binding and unique BOX-PCR fingerprint patterns and ERIC-PCR with reproducibility capability.Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, based on previous studies and 95% confidence level using the formula n = z2P (1-P)/d2 and acceptable error 0.05, total of 60 Enterococcal Faecalis strains were cultured from sterile specimens on KF agar medium and incubated at 37°C for 24h and were identified by biochemical tests of suspected Enterococcal Faecalis. DNA samples were extracted and BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR tests were performed.Results: All strains were distinguished in 25 distinct clusters at the level of similarity of 58%. Also, by analyzing the ERIC-PCR results, all strains were segregated into 15 separate clusters at a similar level of 58%.Conclusion: Molecular fingerprinting with BOX-PCR has a better subtraction and differentiation than ERIC-PCR for typing bacterial isolates and is widely used in epidemiological studies and trace source of infection and taxonomy.