Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and electrolyte imbalance are widely prevalent problems in Indian population. Although few studies have linked IDA with altered serum electrolyte levels, their results were inconsistent. Since IDA is a major public health problem, the suggested relationship between the two assumes clinical importance. In IDA, red cell membrane-bound Na

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the interrelationship and pattern of electrolyte imbalance and compare the correlation between serum electrolytes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels between Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. Methods:This study was conducted in 300 subjects (150 diabetics and 150 non-diabetics) and further categorized as anemic and non-anemic within each group. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C, hemoglobin, and serum electrolyte levels.Results: Sodium (Na + ) levels in diabetics were significantly lower and potassium (K + ) as well as chloride (Cl − ) levels were significantly higher, when compared with non-diabetics. A significant positive correlation between HbA1C and potassium as well as chloride levels in contrast to negative correlation with sodium levels was observed in both genders. Among diabetics with anemia, we found significantly lower sodium and higher potassium and chloride. Conclusion:In diabetics, levels of sodium were significantly lower, and potassium as well as chloride was significantly higher when compared with non-diabetics. Our study clearly demonstrates an association between electrolytes, hemoglobin, and HbA1C levels in diabetes. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the interrelationship and pattern of electrolyte imbalance and compare the correlation between serum electrolytes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels between Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. Methods:This study was conducted in 300 subjects (150 diabetics and 150 non-diabetics) and further categorized as anemic and non-anemic within each group. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C, hemoglobin, and serum electrolyte levels.Results: Sodium (Na + ) levels in diabetics were significantly lower and potassium (K + ) as well as chloride (Cl − ) levels were significantly higher, when compared with non-diabetics. A significant positive correlation between HbA1C and potassium as well as chloride levels in contrast to negative correlation with sodium levels was observed in both genders. Among diabetics with anemia, we found significantly lower sodium and higher potassium and chloride. Conclusion:In diabetics, levels of sodium were significantly lower, and potassium as well as chloride was significantly higher when compared with non-diabetics. Our study clearly demonstrates an association between electrolytes, hemoglobin, and HbA1C levels in diabetes. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE), a rare tumor of the thyroid gland, is difficult to diagnose irrespective of its unique morphology. It is usually misdiagnosed as synovial sarcoma, thymoma, teratoma, or other thyroid carcinomas. In the current case report, we detail a case of a 36-yearold male patient who presented with thyroid swelling that was initially misdiagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma instead of SETTLE. Based on fine needle aspiration, the tumor showed a variable pattern with features suggestive of follicular neoplasm in the right lobe and atypia of undetermined significance in the left lobe. Pathological examination showed multiple nodules on both the right and left lobes, with the largest nodule measuring 4.8 x 4.5 x 3 cm. On microscopic examination, a predominant papillary pattern was observed along with spindle cell areas. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for thyroglobulin, CK, HMWCK, CD99, and BCL-2, which led to the diagnosis of SETTLE. The rare nature of the condition and the reduced awareness about it make this tumor a diagnostic challenge. This case report concludes that in case of any biphasic tumor with epithelial and spindle cells in the thyroid gland, it is important to consider the differential diagnosis of SETTLE. Immunohistochemistry is more useful for diagnosing SETTLE, and thus pathologists are encouraged to judiciously advise the patients for immunohistochemistry to establish accurate and efficient diagnosis.

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