Exploring the Interrelationship Between Electrolytes, Anemia, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hba1c) Levels in Type 2 Diabetics

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the interrelationship and pattern of electrolyte imbalance and compare the correlation between serum electrolytes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels between Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. Methods:This study was conducted in 300 subjects (150 diabetics and 150 non-diabetics) and further categorized as anemic and non-anemic within each group. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C, hemoglobin, and serum electrolyte levels.Results: Sodium (Na + ) levels in diabetics were significantly lower and potassium (K + ) as well as chloride (Cl − ) levels were significantly higher, when compared with non-diabetics. A significant positive correlation between HbA1C and potassium as well as chloride levels in contrast to negative correlation with sodium levels was observed in both genders. Among diabetics with anemia, we found significantly lower sodium and higher potassium and chloride. Conclusion:In diabetics, levels of sodium were significantly lower, and potassium as well as chloride was significantly higher when compared with non-diabetics. Our study clearly demonstrates an association between electrolytes, hemoglobin, and HbA1C levels in diabetes. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.

The spectrum of electrolyte abnormalities in black African people living with human immunodeficiency virus and diabetes mellitus at Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

“…Hyperkalaemia is common in DM. 7 , 21 , 22 Conversely, studies conducted in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia found a predominant hypokalaemia and no significant association between serum potassium levels and glycaemic control, respectively. 23 , 24 Similarly, our study found no significant association between HbA1c and serum potassium levels.…”

“…serum sodium levels were significantly lower in patients with DM compared with non-DM controls (127.92 [0.45] mmol/L vs. 135.82 [0.34] mmol/L; p = 0.0001) and that HbA1c was significantly inversely correlated with serum sodium levels ( r = 0.640; p = 0.0001). 7 However, no regression analysis was performed in the study conducted in India. 7 Other causes of hyponatraemia in DM include side effects of drugs such as diuretics, diabetic nephropathy and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).…”

“… 7 However, no regression analysis was performed in the study conducted in India. 7 Other causes of hyponatraemia in DM include side effects of drugs such as diuretics, diabetic nephropathy and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). 9 …”

“…Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and are paramount in mediating enzymatic reactions, cellular function and electrical gradients. 7 Patients with HIV or DM are predisposed to electrolyte abnormalities because of multifactorial pathophysiological factors. 8 , 9 The risk of nephropathy, with subsequent electrolyte abnormalities, increases in the setting of comorbid HIV and DM.…”

Occurrence of anemia among the people of Gurugram, Haryana: a cross sectional study

“…Overall, the prevalence of morphologically different types of anemia in Gurugram, Haryana is lower than other areas. The others various scientific studies have been observed that anemia is conditions which are associated with many health conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular, retinopathy, renal, and others 16 .…”