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Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is responsible for a large number of renal failures, and it is still associated with high rates of mortality today. Oleuropein (OLE) presents a plethora of pharmacological beneficial properties. In this study we investigated whether OLE could provide sufficient protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. With this aim, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: control; 7 mg/kg/d cisplatin, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg OLE; and treatment with OLE for 3 days starting at 24 hours following cisplatin injection. After exposure to the chemotherapy agent and OLE, oxidative DNA damage was quantitated in the renal tissue of experimental animals by measuring the amount of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adducts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total oxidative stress (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were assessed to determine the oxidative injury in kidney cells. The histology of the kidney was examined using four different staining methods: hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Masson trichrome, and amyloid. In addition, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (CRE) levels were established. Our experimental data showed that tissue 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher in the cisplatin group when compared to the control group. The glomerular cells were sensitive to cisplatin as tubular cells. In addition, treatment with cisplatin elevated the levels of BUN, UA, CRE, and TOS, but lowered the level of TAS compared to the control group. The OLE therapy modulated oxidative stress in order to restore normal kidney function and reduced the formation of 8-OHdG induced by cisplatin. Furthermore, the OLE treatment significantly reduced pathological findings in renal tissue. We demonstrate for the first time that OLE presents significant cytoprotective properties against cisplatin-induced genotoxicity by restoring the antioxidant system of the renal tissue. According to our findings, OLE is a promising novel natural source for the prevention of serious kidney damage in current chemotherapies.

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The current systemic treatments of the various solid tumors involve Cisplatin (CIS)-based chemotherapy. Due to its cytotoxicity, this approach is limited. Moreover, the safety of CIS is only discussed especially in breast and stomach cancers. Therefore, we, for the first time, explored the restorative efficacy of oleuropein (OLE), in stomach and lung injuries induced by CIS. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: control CIS, OLE and CIS + OLE. Single dose of (7 mg/kg) CIS was administered intraperitoneally to CIS and CIS + OLE groups. After 24 h, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg OLE was given for three consecutive days to OLE and CIS + OLE groups. The 8-OH-dG, total oxidative/antioxidant status (TOS/TAS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated and histopathological analyses were performed on the studied tissues. The results indicated that CIS significantly increased 8-OH-dG, MDA and TOS levels and caused severe tissue damages. However, high dose of OLE induced a significant decrease in the 8-OH-dG, MDA levels, an increase in TAS levels and it restores CIS-induced tissue damages. We hope that the results of this study will provide an impetus for future studies on novel therapeutic strategies including the protective use of oleuropein in gastric and lung cancers due to chemotherapy.

In this study, the effect of Morus nigra (M. nigra) on carbon tetrachloride (CCI 4)-induced hepatic injury in the rat was investigated. A hepatotoxic rat model was developed by the injection of CCI 4 dissolved in soybean oil (1 mL/kg/twice a week, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection). Following the formation of hepatic injury, extracts of M. nigra at doses ranging from 150 to 300 mg/kg were administered to rats by i.p. injection for eight weeks. At the end of administration, rat livers were excised by dissection. The activities of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were detected in the serum, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were established in the liver. Histological changes and immunohistochemical localization of caspase-3 and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) were performed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of liver sections and caspase-3 and 8-OhdG immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the M. nigra extract prevented protein oxidation generated by CCI 4. The extracts demonstrated the ability to modulate the activity of SOD and GPx, and also prevented the CCI 4-induced increase in AST and GGT levels. These results indicate that M. nigra extracts provided significant protection against CCl 4-induced hepatic injury and might also present a novel approach for the treatment of some liver diseases.

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