Introduction: The primary method of learning the surface anatomy is by making the students mark structures on mummified bodies. The students feel that learning the surface anatomy on mummified cadavers is not interesting. The present project on learning the surface anatomy through the body painting method was undertaken to evoke interest among the students. Materials and Methods:Physiotherapy and dental under graduate students who volunteered were involved in this study. A few surface anatomy classes were conducted by using the traditional method and a few more by using the body painting exercise. Non toxic body paints of various colours and brushes of different sizes were used for the body painting.Results: A feedback was obtained from the students by using a structured questionnaire. The students opined that the body painting method was advantageous to them in learning the human anatomy. They also felt that they could have more practice sessions in any setting other than in the classroom and that they did not need to rely upon the mummified bodies. They described the body painting method as self explanatory, which gave them the feel of live structures. Conclusion:This project was successful in achieving its objectives as the students felt that the method was exciting, with lots of fun during the learning. The body painting method was well accepted by the students as an effective method for learning the surface and the clinical anatomy.
Background: Synostosis or fusion of atlas with occipital bone is known as occipitocervical synostosis, occipitalization of the atlas, or atlanto-occipital fusion. This is a rare congenital malformation at craniovertebral junction. Its incidence ranges from 0.08%-3% in general population. Occipitocervical synostosis result in narrowing of foramen magnum which may compress the brain stem, vertebral artery and cranial nerves. Knowledge of occipitocervical synostosis is important for the surgeons during the surgeries in the craniovertebral region. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the incidence and to describe the morphology of the occipitocervical synostosis.Material and Methods: Two-hundred dry adult human skulls of Indian origin were studied in the Department of anatomy. The base of these skulls was observed for presence of atlantooccipital fusion. The anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the foramen magnum and diameter of the inferior articular facets were measured in these skulls using digital vernier caliper.
Background and aims: Tibial nerve is the larger terminal branch of sciatic nerve, ends by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves beneath the flexor retinaculum [Tarsal tunnel]. The level of bifurcation of the tibial nerve is differently quoted in text books and articles. The aim of the present study is to localize the level of bifurcation of tibial nerve. Materials and methods: 50 lower limbs from 25 cadavers available in the Department of anatomy, M.S. Ramaiah medical college and Bangalore medical college were used for the study. A reference line of 1 cm width ‘Medio Malleolar Calcaneal axis’ [MMC axis] made with OHP sheet was placed from tip of the medial malleolus of tibia to the medial tubercle of calcaneus and used as grid to classify the level of bifurcation of tibial nerve into 3 types. Type I, II, III represented the bifurcation proximal to, deep to and distal to this axis respectively. Results: Tibial nerve bifurcation was found to be type I in 92%, type II in 6%, type III in 2% of specimens. Most of the cases [32.6%] bifurcated between 5.1 to 10 mm proximal to MMC axis. The median distance of medial plantar nerve from medial malleolus was 21.28mm on left side and 20.735mm on right side. The mean of lateral plantar nerve from medial tubercle of calcaneus was 29.61mm on left side, and 28.6mm on right side. Conclusion: Detailed anatomical knowledge of tibial nerve prevents the damage to tibial nerve during various surgical procedures like fixation of fractures with external nailing of tarsal bones, medial displacement osteotomies and in tarsal tunnel surgeries.
Back ground: The carotico clinoid foramen is formed by an osseous bridge between tip of the middle and anterior clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone and transmits one of the segments of internal carotid artery (ICA).Context: The existence of a bony or osseous carotico clinoid foramen may cause compression, tightening or stretching of the ICA, especially of the clinoidal segment and cause complications in regional surgery.Purpose: The present study is an effort to study the carotico clinoid foramen in skulls and observe various parameters like presence or absence, unilateral or bilateral, complete or incomplete, extent, dimensions of the ligament, dimensions of the foramen and sexual dominance.Results: Presence of complete foramen was found in 12% and incomplete foramen was 26%. The mean width and thickness of the ligaments was found to be greater on the left side and greater in males. The size of the foramen was found to be more on the left side and in males. Complete foramina were found to be more in males while incomplete foramina were found equally in both sexes. Unilateral foramen were found to be more in females while bilateral foramina were found to be more in males. Conclusion:Considering the fact that most of the anatomy text books do not provide a detailed description of the carotico clinoid ligament or foramen, the present study proves especially relevant to neurosurgeons in day to day clinical practice.Implication: Knowledge of the prevalence of carotico clinoid foramen helps the neuro-surgeons for pre-operative scanning and precautions can be taken to prevent fatal complications during surgery. Further, removal of the anterior clinoid process is an important step in regional surgery, for which additional risk is involved. Therefore detailed anatomical knowledge of the carotico clinoid foramen is of utmost importance, to increase the success of regional surgeries.KEY WORDS: carotico clinoid foramen, clinoid process, internal carotid artery, clinoidectomy, interclinoid foramen.
Back ground: Human heart is supplied by coronary arteries. Variations in the branching pattern of coronary arteries can affect the blood supply to the heart.Context: Origin of posterior interventricular artery determines the coronary dominance. Prognosis of inferior wall infarcts is related to coronary dominance.Purpose: The present study was conducted in 60 specimens of human cadaveric hearts and observed for number, origin, and level of termination of posterior interventricular artery.Results: Present study was conducted in 60 specimens and right coronary dominance was observed in 91.7%. The incidence of left coronary dominance was observed in 6.7% and co-dominance was found in 1.7%. Conclusion:Posterior interventricular artery has special importance as it determines the coronary dominance. The blood supply of the inferior myocardium depends on the dominance. Hence awareness of these variations plays an important role in treating inferior wall infarcts. Also awareness of coronary artery variations is important during interventions like imaging by conventional catheters.
Supra trochlear foramen is located on a thin bony septum that separates the anterior coronoid fossa and posterior olecranon fossa at the lower end of the humerus. Presence of this foramen makes it difficult for procedures such as inter medullary nailing of the humerus. The knowledge of this foramen is important for orthopaedicians for pre-operative planning of the treatment of supracondylar fracture of the humerus. It is also important for radiologists as it may be misinterpreted as an osteolytic lesion. Materials and Methods: 114 dried humerus specimens were studied in the Department of Anatomy, M.S.Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore. The shape of the foramen was noted. The vertical and transverse diameters were measured. The obtained data was tabulated and analysed. Results: Out of 114 humeri studied, the supratrochlear foramen was found in 31 bones. The incidence of the foramen is 27%. The common shapes of the foramen seen were irregular, oval, triangular and round. The mean transverse diameter of STF is 6.13 mm and 6.61 mm, its vertical diameter is 4.24 mm and 4.34 mm on left and right sides respectively. Conclusion: Presence or absence of supra trochlear foramen is important to clinicians during preoperative planning of surgeries. Knowledge of supratrochlear foramen is essential to avoid misinterpretation of radiographs.
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