The consumption and production of bismuth are increasing, however there is very little information about the direct toxic effect of bismuth. The present study aimed to characterize the potential toxic effects of bismuth through oral administration and observation for fourteen days following single dose of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg (acute oral toxicity study), and repeated oral administration for twenty-eight days at dose levels of 0, 40, 200, and 1,000 mg/kg daily (28-d repeated oral dose toxicity study) to male and female Crj:CD (SD) IGS rats (SPF). We found no deaths and no abnormalities in clinical signs, body weights, and necropsy findings for any of the animals in the acute oral toxicity study and no changes attributable to bismuth in either males or females in the dose group up to 1,000 mg/kg of the 28-d repeated-dose toxicity study. Therefore, we determined that the lethal dose with a 50% mortality rate (LD50) is greater than 2,000 mg/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of bismuth is 1,000 mg/kg in both sexes. We conclude that the adverse toxic effects of bismuth as a simple metal substance are low compared to lead toxicity under the conditions tested in our studies.
Genotoxicity Studies of Heavy Metals:Lead, Bismuth, Indium, Silver and Antimony: Keiko ASAKURA, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine-Objectives: Many kinds of heavy metals are used in industry; thus, it is important for us to clarify their toxicity. For example, lead, which is a component of solder, is notorious for its neurotoxicity, and substitute materials have been sought for many years. Therefore, we examined the genotoxicity of lead and also those of metallic bismuth, indium, silver and antimony which are possible substitutes for lead in solder. Methods: Bacterial reverse mutation tests and chromosomal aberration tests in cultured mammalian cells were performed according to standard procedures. Results: Antimony showed genotoxicity in both tests, and bismuth also showed positive results in the chromosomal aberration test. In contrast, lead, indium, and silver were considered to be inactive by the criteria of the present study. Conclusions: Although further studies are needed because of the difficulty of genotoxicity evaluation using an in vitro system, sufficient precautions should be made when antimony and bismuth are used. (J Occup Health 2009; 51: 498-512)
Oral Toxicity of Indium in Rats: Single and 28-Day Repeated Administration Studies: Keiko ASAKURA, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine-Indium is widely used in the electronics industry to make semiconductors, liquid-crystal panels, and plasma display panels, and its production is increasing. However, it is necessary to handle it more cautiously than before, because the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled indium has been identified. The present study aimed to characterize the potential toxic effects of indium through oral administration and observation for fourteen days following a single dose of 0 or 2,000 mg/kg (acute oral toxicity study), and repeated oral administration for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 40, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg daily (28-day repeated oral dose toxicity study) to male and female Crj:CD (SD) IGS rats (SPF). No deaths and no abnormalities in clinical signs, body weights, and necropsy findings were observed for any of the animals in the acute oral toxicity study. Furthermore, no changes related to indium were also observed in the dose groups up to 1,000 mg/kg of the 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity study. From the results described above, the lethal dose 50% (LD 50 ) of indium is greater than 2,000 mg/kg under these study conditions, and the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) is considered to be 1,000 mg/kg for males and females under these conditions. (J Occup Health 2008; 50: 471-479)
A 13-Week Toxicity Study of Bismuth inRats by Intratracheal Intermittent Administration: Yuri SANO, et al. Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University-Although bismuth is widely used as a lead substitute in the industrial field, the toxicity of bismuth by inhalation is little known. We performed a 13-wk intratracheal intermittent bismuth dose toxicity study. Bismuth was administered at dose levels of 0, 0.8, 4, 20 mg/kg to male Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats (SPF) by intratracheal intermittent administration once a week for thirteen weeks to investigate its potential toxic effects; especially for specific adverse effects and changes related to pre-neoplastic lesions. Our results showed foreign body inflammation in the lungs, which was caused by intratracheal administration of bismuth, and physical changes related to pulmonary lesions; however, there were no serious changes in other organs. We concluded that dose-dependent, but not specific adverse effects, were attributable to bismuth inhalation in the rat. (J Occup Health 2005; 47: 242-248)
This paper presents the mechanical properties and microstructure of Sn-Ag-Bi Pb-free solder. We evaluated the effects of Bi content on the mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-Bi solder such as tensile strength, elongation and deformation behavior at cross-head speeds of 0.1 mm/min and 500 mm/min. The experimental results show that at low cross-head speeds, the addition of Bi to Sn-Ag solder initially increases the tensile strength and decreases elongation due to solid-solution hardening of Sn-phase. As the Bi content is increased to 10 mass% and more, however, elongation increases to a maximum at Sn-Ag-Bi solder containing 57 mass%Bi. Deformation of Sn-Ag solder is governed by slip within the Sn phase, and for high-Bi solders (about 57 mass%Bi) deformation occurs due to slip at Sn-Bi grain boundaries. Intermediate-Bi solders, on the other hand, do not slip in either the Sn phase or at Sn-Bi grain boundaries. At high cross-head speeds, the elongation of both intermediate-Bi solders and high-Bi solders was low and almost constant, indicating slip at Sn-Bi grain boundaries becomes difficult. The impact resistance of these solders was investigated through charpy impact tests, and it is found that Bi has a marked effect on impact resistance. The impact absorption energy of Sn-Ag solder decreases rapidly with the addition of Bi.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.