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In this paper, we review different types of polymer electrolytes, recent approaches and technological applications of polymer electrolytes. The report first discusses the characteristics, advantages and applications for three types of polymer electrolytes: gel polymer electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes and composite polymer electrolytes. Next, we discuss the features and performance of different polymer hosts based on some important and recently published literature. Recent progress of some approaches used in improving the performance of the polymer electrolytes is highlighted. The last part of the review includes the technological applications of some electrical energy storing/converting devices: electrochemical capacitors, batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. It is also stressed that the technological advancement in the polymer electrolytes plays a pivotal role in the development of energy storing/converting systems.

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A rapid, simple, and sensitive method for the electrochemical determination of paracetamol was developed. A single-walled carbon nanotube/nickel (SWCNT/Ni) nanocomposite was prepared and immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface via mechanical attachment. This paper reports the voltammetry study on the effect of paracetamol concentration, scan rate, pH, and temperature at a SWCNT/Ni-modified electrode in the determination of paracetamol. The characterization of the SWCNT/Ni/GCE was performed by cyclic voltammetry. Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer were used to examine the surface morphology and elemental profile of the modified electrode, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry showed significant enhancement in peak current for the determination of paracetamol at the SWCNT/Ni-modified electrode. A linear calibration curve was obtained for the paracetamol concentration between 0.05 and 0.50 mM. The SWCNT/Ni/GCE displayed a sensitivity of 64 mA M−1and a detection limit of 1.17 × 10−7 M in paracetamol detection. The proposed electrode can be applied for the determination of paracetamol in real pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory performance. Results indicate that electrodes modified with SWCNT and nickel nanoparticles exhibit better electrocatalytic activity towards paracetamol.

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A novel electrochemical sensor based on a hybrid of single-walled carbon nanotube and nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared by using mechanical attachment technique. The nanocomposite immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode offers substantial enhancement in the sensitivity and lower detection limit for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid. Voltammetric characterization indicated that the anodic peak current increased about 3.5 times in comparison with the bare glassy carbon electrode. A linear calibration plot was obtained in the ascorbic acid concentration range of 0.2-10 mM which is described by the equation y = 23.82x + 7.043. The detection limit and sensitivity were determined to be 1.89 μM and 24 mA M -1 , respectively. The morphology study using a field emission scanning electron microscope showed that single-walled carbon nanotube/tungsten nanocomposite was successfully attached to the surface of the electrode. Moreover, the modified electrode was satisfactorily used for the analysis of commercial vitamin C tablets. This work provides a sensitive and simple electrochemical approach for the selective determination of ascorbic acid.

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