Objective To evaluate whether post-operative blood lossResults The post-operative blood loss correlated significantly with the per-operative loss (P=0.047) and the in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), weight of resected tissue (P=0.029). There was a highly significant correlation between the area under depends on in situ fibrinolysis in urine, and to determine the relative contributions of the urokinase and the curve of FbDP in the urine and the post-operative blood loss (P<0.005), while there was no significant tissue-type plasminogen activator systems. Patients and methods TURP was performed in 24 men positive correlation between the PA concentration or activity in the urine and post-operative blood loss. (median age 68.5 years, range 52-78) and the weight of resected tissue, the operative and post-operativeThere was a significant correlation between the urinary t-PA activity and the amount of FbDP in the blood loss determined. The concentrations of the urokinase-(u-PA) and tissue-type plasminogen actiurine (P=0.047), and a significant correlation between the weight of resected tissue and the amount vator (t-PA)-related fibrinolysis in their urine was followed using sensitive and specific assays, and the of FbDP in the urine (P=0.014). Conclusion The post-operative blood loss after TURP is changes related to post-operative blood loss. Measurements of the urinary concentrations of free significantly related to an increase of the urinary fibrinolytic activity and the enhanced fibrinolytic t-PA activity, t-PA antigen, free u-PA activity, u-PA antigen and fibrin degradation products (FbDP) were activity is probably caused by t-PA. Keywords In situ fibrinolysis, blood loss, transurethral determined and the area under the curve for each of these quantities correlated with the post-operative prostatic resection blood loss.antifibrinolytic drugs on post-operative blood loss [6][7][8][9].

Objective To evaluate whether the activation of the increase in systemic t-PA activity and t-PA antigen, coinciding with a significant drop in PAI activity. Postextrinsic tissue-type plasminogen activator-related fibrinolysis is implicated in the blood loss in patients operatively, PAI activity and PAI-1 antigen increased. The formation of plasmin was indicated by a fall in with benign prostatic hyperplasia, undergoing transurethral prostatic resection (TURP).the plasma concentration of Plg activity and Plgantigen and a 2 -AP but which increased significantly Patients and methods TURP was performed in 24 men and the operative and post-operative blood loss deterat the end of the study period. Increased systemic fibrinolytic activity was further confirmed by a marked mined. The activation of the tissue-type plasminogen activator-related fibrinolysis was followed using new increase in fibrin d-dimer and FbDP. There was no correlation between the AUC in the operative period sensitive and specific assays, and the changes related to the blood loss. Measurements of the plasma concenof any of the fibrinolytic variables and the measured blood loss. In the post-operative period, t-PA antigen trations of free tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) anti-(P=0.004), PAI activity (P=0.043), PAI-1 antigen (P=0.016) and a 2 -AP (P=0.047) all correlated with gen, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) antigen, the post-operative blood loss, while there was no correlation between fibrin d-dimer or FbDP and plasminogen (Plg) activity, plasminogen (Plg) antigen, a 2 -antiplasmin (a 2 -AP), d-dimer and fibrin degradation blood loss. Conclusion The fibrinolytic system is activated during products (FbDP) were all determined and the area under the curve (AUC) for each of these quantities and after TURP, but the increased activity is not of pathophysiological importance for the blood loss. correlated with the blood loss. Results TURP was followed by a marked activation of Keywords Fibrinolysis, blood loss, transurethral prostatic resection the fibrinolytic system. There was an immediate [9][10][11][12]. Only a few have attempted to ascertain whether

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RESULTSThere was a strong positive correlation between EPA and DHA in leukocytes and in prostate tissue (EPA: r = 0.80, DHA: r = 0.53, both P < 0.001) in all the men, whereas there was no association between the content of ALA in leukocytes and in prostate tissue ( r = − 0.15). Men with BPH had similar levels of ALA in leukocytes and in prostate tissue, but men with prostate cancer had more ALA in prostate tissue than in leukocytes. The PSA level was significantly positively correlated with ALA level in prostate tissue ( r = 0.42, P < 0.01) but there was no significant correlation between PSA level and EPA and DHA levels. There were no significant correlations between PSA level and n-3 PUFA levels in leukocytes. CONCLUSION

Purpose. A clinical feasibility study using a removable prostate stent as fi ducial for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) of localized prostate cancer (PC). Material and methods. The study included patients with local or locally advanced PC. The clinical target volume (CTV) was outlined on magnetic resonance (MR) images co-registered to planning computer tomography (CT) images. Daily online IGRT was delivered using the stent as fi ducial. Risk of migration was estimated using multiple MR. Acute urinary toxicity was scored using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS). Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genito-urinary (GU) toxicity was scored using the Radio Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) score, biochemical failure (BF) was defi ned as an elevation of prostate specifi c antigen (PSA) above nadir plus 2 ng/ml after radiotherapy. Results. One hundred men were enrolled in the study. Ninety completed radiotherapy with the stent as fi ducial. No migration of the stent was seen, but three cases of dislocation of the stent to the bladder were observed. Acute urinary toxicity based on IPSS was comparable to toxicity in patients who had gold markers (GM) as fi ducials. Removal of the stent was associated with a high frequency of urinary retention. Late GI and GU toxicity and BF were comparable to those of other studies, but longer observation time is needed. Conclusions. This study reports the fi rst clinical results of using a prostate stent as fi ducial. No migration of the stent observed. Dislocation of the stent to the urinary bladder was observed in three cases, requiring removal of the stent and insertion of a new fi ducial. Acute toxicity during radiotherapy evaluated from IPSS was comparable to toxicity in patients with GM. Removal of the stent was associated with a high frequency of post procedural urinary retention. Late toxicity and BF were comparable to those of other studies, though longer observation time is needed.

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Metastasis to the ureter is very rare. In most published cases, the diagnosis is only made at postmortem examination or when gross metastasis is present. This report presents a case in which the metastasis from a colonic tumour occluded the ureteral lumen from inside.