This unique study reports a new strain (BPU1) of Candida tropicalis isolated from the rumen of the Malabari goat, showing dual production of biosurfactant and polyhydroxybutyrate. C. tropicalis strain BPU1, a facultative anaerobe, was tuned to become an aerobe in specially designed flask, the Benjamin flask. The puffy circular colonies were smooth, white-to-cream in colour, with pseudo-filaments. The strain fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and dextrose, but not lactose and cellulose. It assimilated (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , peptone, glycine and arginine, but not NaNO 3 , as the nitrogen source. Interestingly, it utilized groundnut oil (up to 0.3%) in a specially designed basal mineral salt medium (BSM). Its capability for dual production of a biosurfactant and a polyhydroxybutyarate (PHB) was explored by various methods from the BSM-oil medium. Extracted biosurfactant from 6 day-old culture was biochemically characterized as a complex of lipid and carbohydrate with an R f value of 0.88 by thin layer chromatography. Its PHB production was confirmed by specific staining methods with Nile blue sulphate, Sudan black B and Sudan 3. Briefly, this first-ever report gives ample physical evidence for the dual production of a glycolipid (biosurfactant) and PHB by C. tropicalis strain BPU1 on a specially designed medium, which would open up elaborate research on this yeast.

In this study we describe a novel dark-green strain of Trichoderma viride exhibiting complete ensemble of cellulase, hemicellulase and ligninase activities on specific plate assays. To assess the cellulase production in detail, basal salt medium (BSM) was fortified with synthetic (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), glucose, sucrose, dextrose, lactose or maltose) and natural (flours of banana, banana peel, jack seed, potato or tapioca) carbon as well as nitrogen (yeast extract, beef extract, peptone, NaNO 3 or NH 4 NO 3) sources. Temperature and pH optima were 28˚C and 4, respectively for the growth of the fungus in CMC-BSM with 137 U/mL cellulase activity, which was enhanced to 173 U/mL at 1.25% CMC concentration. Flours of potato and banana peel supported comparable yields of cellulase to that of CMC, while sodium nitrate was the preferred nitrogen source. The water soluble bluish-green pigment (a probable siderophore) extracted from the spores showed an absorption maximum at 292 nm. To sum up, the complete lignocellulolytic potential of this fungus offers great industrial significance, coupled with the production of a new pigment.

This study introduces a novel bacterium-Pseudomonas sp. strain BUP6-isolated from the rumen of the Malabari goat with efficiency for producing lipase. It showed significant production of lipase when grown in a newly designed basal medium, supplemented with vegetable oil. Suitability of five vegetable oils such as groundnut oil, coconut oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and palm oil as inducer for the production of lipase was examined, and groundnut oil supported the highest production of lipase (96.15 U/mL). Various physical parameters required for the maximum production of lipase were statistically optimized. Plackett-Burmann design was employed to study the interactive effects of physical parameters and found that temperature, agitation, and pH effected the production of lipase significantly. The optimum conditions for lipase production (37 °C, 200 rpm, and pH 6.9) were detected by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology, which resulted in the 0.3-fold increase (i.e., 126 U/mL) of the lipase activity over the unoptimized condition. The apparent molecular mass of partially purified lipase was 35 kDa, as judged by SDS-PAGE; the activity of lipase was also confirmed by native PAGE. Thus, this study focuses on the need for the exploitation of rumen microbes for the production of industrially significant and human-friendly biomolecules to meet the future needs.

This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of a novel strain of siderophore producing bacterium, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa BUP2 (Pa BUP2) from the rumen of Malabari goat, coupled with qualitative and quantitative analyses of the siderophore produced by it. Pa BUP2-a facultative anaerobe was tuned to be an aerobe by repeatedly growing in Benjamin flask. The new isolate was grown in a specially designed semi-synthetic medium, designated as BUP medium, and the yellowish-green pigment produced was identified as a typical siderophore by spectrophotometry, Chromazurol-S assay, thin layer chromatography and isolectric focusing (IEF). The characteristic orange fluorescence upon UV irradiation on chromatogram and absorption maximum at λ404 confirmed that the characteristic siderophore produced by Pa BUP2 was a typical pyoverdine (PVD). This PVD was further categorized under type 2 by comparing its profile on the IEF gel with that of the representative strains of each PVD types, viz., Pa O1, Pa ATCC 27853 and Pa6. Moreover, the type 2 PVD was purified by XAD-4 Amberlite column chromatography and quantified; maximum yield (11.17 mg/ml) was observed on day 4 of incubation (37˚C). Thus, it was confirmed that the bacterium isolated from the rumen content of Malabari goat is a novel strain of Pa capable of producing large quantity of PVD type 2 in specially designed BUP medium under aerobic condition, and that its clinical and industrial implications remain elusive.

Abstractstrain BUP2 (MTCC No. 5924), a novel bacterium isolated from the rumen of the Malabari goat was explored in this study for its efficiency in the production of lipase in Benjamin Unni Priji medium supplemented with 1% groundnut oil. Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs were applied for optimizing the culture parameters statistically for the enhanced production of lipase; and temperature (28°C), pH (6) and incubation time (24 h) were found as significant factors for increasing the production of lipase by 11% (from 152 to 171 U/mL). Using (NH