D b r i e m e n t d'ktrophysique Relativiste et d e Cosmologie O b m t o i r e , 92190 Meudon, France AbsImacL Slatting from the equations of motion obeyed by fields, as they result from general approximations [they are m!ia to be of the following form [k2n(k)]+ = 0, for quasi bosons, and a similar equation for quasifermions] a lagmgian formalism is derived and, accordingly, consewed quantities are obtained. Next these fields are quantized and general expressions for the main observables are derived. Statistical mechanics of quasiparlicles then follow via the use of covariant Wigner functions.
Real-space observations of gasification reaction of graphite surface caused by UV irradiation were made using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The formation of etch pits on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface during gasification reaction was investigated. At the beginning of gasification reaction, domelike structures were formed. Further irradiation produced randomly distributed deep etch pits. When UV-irradiated samples were kept for 3 weeks at 50°C, the irregularly shaped deep etch pits stabilized and formed shallow etch pits one or two monolayers deep.
Interdigital transducers (IDT’s) have been used to generate and detect ultrasonic Lamb waves in a composite Cu(3 μm)-ZnO (0.45 μm) film that is much thinner than the acoustic wavelength in a bulk material. rf pulses of 29.0 and 1.31 MHz are applied to one of the pair of IDT’s with 140-μm period, giving rise to a nondispersive quasi-symmetric mode of phase velocity 4170 m/s and a dispersive quasi-antisymmetric mode having a phase velocity of 184 m/s and a group velocity of 362 m/s, respectively. Possible applications to electronic signal processing and material studies are described.
A new wear reduction method, which is based on a static friction without slipping, is developed for a frictionally fast feeding piezoactuator. This method is required for overcoming the problems related to the scattering of particles due to the use of a contact type actuator. Furthermore, wear reduction result in a frictionally driving actuator with a long-term stability for various applications, such as the electron beam inspection in the next-generation semiconductor industry.
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