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The biomaterials polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were selected to fabricate composite filaments for 3D printing fused filament fabrication (FFF), which was used to fabricate a composite biomaterial for an interlocking nail for canine diaphyseal fractures instead of metal bioinert materials. Bioactive materials were used to increase biological activities and provide a high possibility for bone regeneration to eliminate the limitations of interlocking nails. HA was added to PLA and PCL granules in three ratios according to the percentage of HA: 0%, 5%, and 15% (PLA/PCL, PLA/PCL/5HA, and PLA/PCL/15HA, respectively), before the filaments were extruded. The test specimens were 3D-printed from the extruded composite filaments using an FFF printer. Then, a group of test specimens was coated by silk fibroin (SF) using the lyophilization technique to increase their biological properties. Mechanical, biological, and chemical characterizations were performed to investigate the properties of the composite biomaterials. The glass transition and melting temperatures of the copolymer were not influenced by the presence of HA in the PLA/PCL filaments. Meanwhile, the presence of HA in the PLA/PCL/15HA group resulted in the highest compressive strength (82.72 ± 1.76 MPa) and the lowest tensile strength (52.05 ± 2.44 MPa). HA provided higher bone cell proliferation, and higher values were observed in the SF coating group. Therefore, FFF 3D-printed filaments using composite materials with bioactive materials have a high potential for use in fabricating an interlocking nail for canine diaphyseal fractures.

The full-thickness articular cartilage defect (FTAC) is an abnormally severe grade of articular cartilage (AC) injury. An osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) is the recommended treatment, but the increasing morbidity rate from osteochondral plug harvesting is a limitation. Thus, the 3D-printed bilayer’s bioactive-biomaterials scaffold is of major interest. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were blended with hydroxyapatite (HA) for the 3D-printed bone layer of the bilayer’s bioactive-biomaterials scaffold (B-BBBS). Meanwhile, the blended PLA/PCL filament was 3D printed and combined with a chitosan (CS)/silk firoin (SF) using a lyophilization technique to fabricate the AC layer of the bilayer’s bioactive-biomaterials scaffold (AC-BBBS). Material characterization and mechanical and biological tests were performed. The fabrication process consists of combining the 3D-printed structure (AC-BBBS and B-BBBS) and a lyophilized porous AC-BBBS. The morphology and printing abilities were investigated, and biological tests were performed. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to predict the maximum load that the bilayer’s bioactive-biomaterials scaffold (BBBS) could carry. The presence of HA and CS/SF in the PLA/PCL structure increased cell proliferation. The FEA predicted the load carrying capacity to be up to 663.2 N. All tests indicated that it is possible for BBBS to be used in tissue engineering for AC and bone regeneration in FTAC treatment.

In this study, Chitosan (CS), Silk Fibroin (SF), and Hydroxyapatite (HA) were selected for scaffold fabrication. The scaffolds were fabricated by freeze drying technique to produce a porous structure. Silk cocoons and bovine bone were used to synthesize the SF and HA, respectively. While CS was produced from commercialized product made from squid pen. The CS was selected as a main structure of the scaffold which was fixed at 50% by weight ratio of the specimen. Another fifty percent are the various ratio of HA and SF. The result confirmed the extraction of silk cocoons and bovine bones were acceptable used as HA and SF. The HA and SF ratio that provided the highest porosity percentage was 25:25, while the highest percentage of cells growth in 7 and 21 days was 50:0 ratio. According to MTT-assay results, the scaffolds in every ratio could be used as a tissue engineering structure for cell proliferation as well as cartilage repairing in the future.

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The development of bio-mimetic scaffold for tissue engineering proposed a novel method to tissue or bone repairing. The biological and physical properties of the scaffold have been recognizing such as biocompatibility, porosity, pore size, and biodegradability. In this work, Chitosan, Hydroxyapatite (HA), and Fibroin were used for bone's scaffold fabrication by freeze drying technique. Those materials are known as biodegradable materials that serve different properties in bone's scaffold. In common fabrication process, the fibroin treatment is requiring for increasing the stiffness of the fibers. Recently, the fibroin treatment is process before the scaffold fabrication. However, the treatment could process after the scaffold fabrication complete. Thus, we compared the biological and physical of the scaffolds between three conditions of fibroin treatment that consist of 1) Non-treatment (NON), 2) Pre-treatment (PRE), and 3) Post-treatment (POST). From the result, both of biological and physical properties, the PRE porous scaffold is the appropriated condition for this research. Finally, we are looking forward to compare the growth of osteoblast cells on the scaffold with different fibroin treatment and aim to implant those scaffolds for bone repairing in the very near future.

Tissue engineering (TE) is a modern medical approach to reconstruct damage tissue in a shorter period. Scaffold is the main structure for cells adhesion and provides 3D space for cell proliferation and growth. Biomaterials were selected to fabricate a scaffold according to properties and target tissues. In this study, Hydroxyapatite (HA), Silk Fibroin (SF), and Chitosan (CS) were selected to fabricate the scaffold in different combination ratios by freeze drying (FD) technique. According to the physical properties of the fabricated scaffold, cartilage tissue was selected as a study target area for the future medical application. Scaffold characterization was performed to observe the scaffolds properties in each materials ratio. In this study, CS scaffold provided highest abilities which related to cartilage tissue structure. Moreover, the combination of SF in CS provided highest ability for cartilage cell proliferation in vitro. Therefore, CS could be used as a cartilage scaffold for cartilage TE and SF could be added to increased the cells viability of the scaffold.

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