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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promising photovoltaic technology with diverse indoor and outdoor applications. DSSCs can be integrated with curtains and glasses to power various devices, including wireless sensors, computer network peripherals, internet-of-things (IoT) devices, and wearable electronics. DSSCs have the potential to become the future source of energy. However, their efficiency, stability, and industrial production still need to be scaled up. The present review encompasses these elements and the various changes that have occurred inside the DSSC over the last few years, including device structure, TiO2 photoelectrode, novel electrolytes, new organic photosensitizers, efficient catalyst materials, and encapsulation strategies for sealing DSSC devices. We further discuss how the performance of each functional component of a DSSC has been enhanced as a result of the introduction of novel materials and manufacturing processes. In addition, we also briefly cover p-DSSCs and tandem DSSCs. Finally, the prospect of highly efficient and stable DSSCs is highlighted.

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An important reason for the underlying power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is the low open-circuit voltage (V oc). Considerable efforts have been made to increase the V oc of DSSCs by suppressing charge carrier recombination dynamics, co-sensitization, and other strategies. Herein, we report an enhancement of the V oc by the incorporation of Cu into TiO 2 microstructure via microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared nanoparticles and the photoanodes were tested for their efficacy with various structural, optical, and electrical characterization tools. It was found that the incorporation of Cu 2+ into TiO 2 lattice raises its conduction band (CB) edge and shifted the Fermi level upwards, which contribute towards enhanced V oc. A significant enhancement in V oc from 0.714 to 0.781 V was observed by the Cu incorporation. An optimized 1 wt% Cu modified TiO 2 DSSC has shown an efficiency of 6.94% with a high V oc of 0.762 V. K E Y W O R D S cu-doped TiO 2 , dye sensitized solar cells, high open-circuit voltage, low series resistance, microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis