induced oxidative stress is instrumental in achieving the health benefits from regular exercise. Therefore, inappropriate use of fruit-derived products (commonly applied as prophalytic antioxidants) may counteract the positive effects of exercise. Using human exercise and cellular models we found that 1) blackcurrant supplementation suppressed exercise-induced oxidative stress, e.g., plasma carbonyls (0.9 Ϯ 0.1 vs. 0.6 Ϯ 0.1 nmol/mg protein, placebo vs. blackcurrant), and 2) preincubation of THP-1 cells with an anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract inhibited LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion 453 Ϯ 322 vs. 10,941 Ϯ 82 pg/ml, control vs. extract, P Ͻ 0.05) and IL-6 (476 Ϯ 14 vs. 326 Ϯ 32 pg/ml, control vs. extract, P Ͻ 0.05)] and NF-B activation. In addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we found that postexercise plasma collected after blackcurrant supplementation enhanced the differential temporal LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in THP-1 cells, resulting in an early suppression of TNF-␣ (1,741 Ϯ 32 vs. 1,312 Ϯ 42 pg/ml, placebo vs. blackcurrant, P Ͻ 0.05) and IL-6 (44 Ϯ 5 vs. 36 Ϯ 3 pg/ml, placebo vs. blackcurrant, P Ͻ 0.05) secretion after 24 h. Furthermore, by using an oxidative stress cell model, we found that preincubation of THP-1 cells with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) prior to extract exposure caused a greater suppression of LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion after 24 h, which was not evident when cells were simultaneously incubated with H 2O2 and the extract. In summary, our findings support the concept that consumption of blackcurrant anthocyanins alleviate oxidative stress, and may, if given at the appropriate amount and time, complement the ability of exercise to enhance immune responsiveness to potential pathogens. acute inflammation; fruit anthocyanins; moderate exercise PARTICIPATING IN REGULAR PHYSICAL exercise has a number of health benefits (14). Exercise-induced oxidative stress (11,48,50), either via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent (2, 14) or -independent (23) mechanisms, appears to be an important modulator in a number of adaptive responses to exercise: upregulation of endogenous antioxidant systems (42, 18), modulation of muscle function (17), improved efficacy of influenza immunization (15), and enhanced immune surveillance (14). Characterization of how exercise modulates the immune system in untrained individuals as well as athletes shows how the type, intensity, and duration of exercise affects the immune responses to pathogenic agents, such as bacterial endotoxin LPS (9,12,16). In addition to regular exercise, the ingestion of antioxidant supplements or foods high in antioxidants and vitamins, such as C and E, have become commonplace in efforts to maintain health and prevent chronic oxidative stressassociated aliments (5). While antioxidant supplementation has been shown to alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress and benefit athletes undergoing long-term strenuous training by reducing oxidative stress-related injuries and illnesses (48, 51), exercise ...
Aim: To evaluate blackcurrant anthocyanin-rich extract (BAE) consumption on time- and dose-dependent plasma anthocyanin bioavailability and conduct a pilot study to explore the potential effect of BAE in promoting recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress, and maintenance of circulating neutrophil function. Methods: Time- and dose-dependent blackcurrant anthocyanin bioavailability was assessed using LC-MS in 12 participants over 6 h after the ingestion of a placebo or BAE containing 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/kg total anthocyanins. In a separate pilot intervention exercise trial, 32 participants consumed either a placebo or 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/kg BAE (8 individuals per group), and then 1 h later performed a 30 min row at 70% VO 2 max. Blood was collected during the trial for oxidative, antioxidant, inflammatory, and circulating neutrophil status. Results: Consumption of BAE caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma anthocyanins, peaking at 2 h after ingestion of 3.2 mg/kg BAE (217 ± 69 nM). BAE consumed 1 h prior to a 30 min row had no effect on plasma antioxidant status but hastened the recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress: By 2 h recovery, consumption of 1.6 mg/kg BAE prior to exercise caused a significant ( P < 0.05) 34 and 32% decrease in post-exercise plasma oxidative capacity and protein carbonyl levels, respectively, compared to placebo. BAE consumption prior to exercise dose-dependently attenuated a small, yet significant ( P < 0.01) transient 13 ± 2% decline in circulating neutrophils observed in the placebo group immediately post-exercise. Furthermore, the timed consumption of either 1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg BAE attenuated a 17 ± 2.4% ( P < 0.05) decline in neutrophil phagocytic capability of opsonised FITC- Escherichia coli observed 6 h post-exercise in the placebo group. Similarly, a dose-dependent increase in neutrophil surface expression of complement receptor-3 complex (CR3, critical for effective phagocytosis of opsonised microbes), was observed 6 h post-exercise in both 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg BAE intervention groups. Conclusions: Consumption of BAE (>1.6 mg/kg) 1 h prior to exercise facilitated recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress and preserved circulating neutrophil function. This study provides data to underpin a larger study designed to evaluate the efficacy of timed BAE consumption on post-exercise recovery and innate immunity.
Epidemiological studies reveal that fruit consumption reduces the prevalence of airway inflammation and childhood asthma. In particular, blackcurrant polyphenolic extracts have been shown to alleviate lung inflammation. Since IL-4-stimulated eotaxin-3 (CCL26) secretion is a major factor in the continuous eosinophil recruitment observed in atopic asthma, our focus was to evaluate the effectiveness of blackcurrant polyphenolic compounds on CCL26 secretion in human alveolar epithelial cells. Our results indicate that a proanthocyanin-enriched blackcurrant extract (BC-P), but not anthocyanin-enriched blackcurrant extract suppressed both IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated CCL26 secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore pre-incubation of cells with BC-P caused a time-dependent suppression of IL-4-stimulated CCL26 secretion. Moreover, epigallocatechin (EGC), and to a lesser extent epicatechin, metabolites identified in the proanthocyanidin extract, suppressed IL-4-stimulated CCL26 secretion. EGC was also effective at reducing the cellular phosphorylated STAT-6/STAT-6 ratio. Furthermore, both BC-P and purified EGC potentiated the ability of IFN-gamma to suppress IL-4-stimulated CCL26 secretion. The progression of an allergic immune response is complex, identifying plant compounds that target specific cellular events and complement the body's own immune actions is important for the development of functional foods. Our findings support the potential for blackcurrant polyphenolic compounds to reduce eosinophil recruitment and alleviate eosinophilic-driven airway inflammation.
To evaluate the health promoting attributes of fruits and their compounds the New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR) is using exercise as a model for oxidative stress and immune depression. Regular exercise has health benefits believed to be derived from adaptive responses to moderate oxidative stress. However, following exhaustive or unaccustomed exercise, excessive and prolonged oxidative stress and inflammation can be detrimental and the right balance of modulation from nutritional support via fruit phytochemicals (and vitamins) may prevent damage, aid recovery, and/or enhance muscular and immune function. We have developed a research platform to evaluate physical health, performance and recovery to position new fruit varieties in this area. Utilising compositional analysis of fruit extracts, in vitro screening of muscle cells, electrically stimulated muscle ex vivo, and animal and human intervention and exercise trials, we are evaluating the physical health-promoting effects of polyphenolic phytochemicals derived from fruit, particularly berry fruits. Our research demonstrates that certain fruits may complement the benefits of regular exercise through appropriate modulation of excessive oxidative stress and inflammation.
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