The slaughterhouse industry generates massive amounts of highly polluted wastewater of environmental concern. The discharge of untreated slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) into water bodies may cause eutrophication, dissolved oxygen depletion, and change in water temperature, which may pose a threat to aquatic life [1-3]. The leaching/ percolation of SHWW may also lead to the contamination of groundwater resources [4]. Resultantly, people may suffer from diarrhea, typhoid fever, wool sorter diseases, pneumonia, asthma, and chest and respiratory diseases [5]. Therefore, it is highly desirable to treat SHWW before its discharge into water bodies in order to save the environment and human health [6]. The treatment of SHWW with physio-chemical (filtration, coagulation, chlorination, adsorption, sedimentation) and biological (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, waste stabilization pond system, and sequencing batch reactors) processes, though, significantly removes its pollution load but cannot remove the recalcitrant contaminants [7]. Another disadvantage associated with physio-chemical
To identify the susceptibility pattern of Fosfomycin in various clinical isolates by estimating the frequency in terms of percentages. A convenient sampling technique was adopted for study proceedings. Total 748(n) specimens for culture and sensitivity were received in the microbiology section of pathology department. Out of these 748(n) specimens, positive cultures were seen in 144(n). For culture and sensitivity proceedings, the recommended CLSI -2014 (clinical and laboratory standard institute) guidelines were followed. The bacterial isolation was done by biochemical tests. The zone diameter of >16 mm for 50µgm fosfomycin disc was considered as sensitive zone. While <15-12mm was considered as intermittent one and <12mm was the resistant zone. Data was recorded and analyzed by using SPSS version 20 for statistical inference. For numerical variables frequencies were calculated in terms of percentages. Seventy six 76.06% (n=143) gram negative and 68.42 % (n=13) gram positive organisms were sensitive to Fosfomycin. The efficacy of fosfomycin is more for gram negative (76%) as compared to gram positive organisms (68%).
The role of systemic antibiotics in root canal treatment (RCT) always remained controversial.To exactly identify the state of affairs, regarding whether or not the usage of systemic antibiotics in RCT, the current meta analysis was carried out. To identify the frequency of 66.6%(n=08) studies from 1987 till 2011, were not in favour of using systemic antibiotics as a part of RCT. While 33.3% (n=04) preferred using systemic antibiotics for RCT. Regarding the local antibiotic preference, 33.3% (n=04) studies were in favour of using a combination of triple antibiotic paste comprising of metronidazole, minocycline and ciprofloxacin. There is no role of systemic/local antibiotics in endodontic management. However, the use of antibiotics is only recommended if deemed necessary by viewing the premorbid of patient.
Background:The increased frequency and management of antibiotic resistance pattern in urinary tract infection (UTI) is a challenging task for the clinicians. Therefore, the current study was planned to identify the microbial etiology of UTI and t he most suitable antibiotics used. The objective of the study was to assess the frequency of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in patients with urinary tract infection. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Al Sayed Hospital, Kidney Centre, Rawalpindi over a period of seven months i.e. June 30, 2018 to January 30, 2019. A total of 152 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Urine culture proceedings were done as per latest recommended guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) for UTI. Results: Highest sensitivity was observed for carbapenems (83.5%), followed by polymyxin B (72.3%), phosphonic acid derivatives (65.8%), aminoglycoside group (65.7%), extended spectrum penicillin (63.1%), imidazolidinedione (59.9%) and tetracycline (59.9%) groups. The least sensitivity was observed for Oxazolidinone (linezolid) (14.5%), teicoplanin (13.8%), tigecycline (10.5%) and firstgeneration cephalosporins (1.3%). Conclusions: Carbapenems showed maximum sensitivity for all urine isolates. The second and third options were polymyxin B and phosphonic acid derivatives, respectively.
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