The slaughterhouse industry generates massive amounts of highly polluted wastewater of environmental concern. The discharge of untreated slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) into water bodies may cause eutrophication, dissolved oxygen depletion, and change in water temperature, which may pose a threat to aquatic life [1-3]. The leaching/ percolation of SHWW may also lead to the contamination of groundwater resources [4]. Resultantly, people may suffer from diarrhea, typhoid fever, wool sorter diseases, pneumonia, asthma, and chest and respiratory diseases [5]. Therefore, it is highly desirable to treat SHWW before its discharge into water bodies in order to save the environment and human health [6]. The treatment of SHWW with physio-chemical (filtration, coagulation, chlorination, adsorption, sedimentation) and biological (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, waste stabilization pond system, and sequencing batch reactors) processes, though, significantly removes its pollution load but cannot remove the recalcitrant contaminants [7]. Another disadvantage associated with physio-chemical
The most important soil parameters for compressed surfaces are aeration, bulk density, and permeability. The experiment was managed in a split-plot design with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that cone-penetrometer was used to measure the soil compaction of furrow bottom under without-compaction/control (C1), compaction with three passes of tractor wheel (C2), and compaction with six passes of tractor wheel (C3) treatments for the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. In the case of clay loam (S1) soil compacted under treatment C3, the compaction was maximum with mean values of 1.23 MPa followed by treatment C2 with 1.09 MPa and C1 with compaction of 0.55 MPa during the 2017-18 Rabi crop season. While, for silty clay loam (S2) soil compacted under treatment C3, the compaction was maximum with mean values of 1.12 MPa followed by treatment C2 with 0.80 MPa and C1 with compaction of 0.42 MPa during the 2017-18 Rabi crop season. Similarly, during the year 2018-19, for different dry densities under soil compaction treatments C1, C2, and C3, the soil penetration resistance values were 1.10 MPa, 0.81 MPa, and 0.40 MPa, respectively. The reduction in soil EC1:5 was determined in the without-compaction/control (C1) plots under both cropping years. However, substantial change in the soil EC1:5 was observed in compact treatment three tractor wheel passes (C2) and six tractor wheel passes (C3) plots. Generally, a slight rise in soil EC1:5 was noticed in both C2 and C3 plots over C1 treatment plots for both cropping seasons. Furthermore, a slight change in the soil pH was observed in compact treatment, three tractor wheel passes (C2) and six tractor wheel passes (C3) plots during both the years. Mostly, a slight rise in soil pH was noticed in both C2 and C3 plots over C1 treatment plots. It is also noticeable from the data that compacting the soil with a tractor using three-wheel and six-wheel passes displayed no difference in pH in bed furrow treatment plots. Our findings concluded that the effect of soil compactions on soil EC and pH values were formed slightly increased during both years as compared to without-compaction treatment. Nevertheless, soil EC values were increased with increasing soil depths under C2 and C3 over C1 treatment, while maximum EC values were recorded under furrow plots among all soil depths and soil different soil textures. Even though the soil pH was not affected by soil compaction treatments under all soil depths and soil textures during both years.
Cement samples containing variable amounts of Cr(III) or Ni(II) or Cd(II) as chloride admixtures present in a MLW stream from reprocessing of spent fuel were prepared under established procedure. Due to the high pH generated in the cement clinker hydration, respective metal hydroxides are formed and improve the physical characteristics of the cement matrix. An increase in the value of the compressive strength was observed when about 7% of the above elements were blended in cement. The increase depends on the nature of the element in the sequence Cr >Ni >Cd.The leach tests confirm the formation of insoluble hydroxide presenting a low concentration in the leachate corresponding to 0.05, 0.004 and 0.052 mg.L−1 for Cr, Ni and Cd, respectively. On the other hand, the hydro-lyzed chloride ions seem to react with calcium with consequent increased degradation of the cement matrix.
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