what has demanded from practical applications for collecting the big data. Therefore, to resolve the cost issues, a R2R printing foundry has been highly attracted because the flexible passive components (such as sensor electrodes, capacitors, and antenna) are able to integrate with their flexible active components (such as display, processor, [3] transponder, [4] analogto-digital converter (ADC), [5] operation amplifier [6]) through a R2R inline printing system. [7] However, although sensor electrodes, [8] capacitors, [9] antenna, [10] and thin film transistor (TFT) active matrix-based display [11] have been successfully printed via R2R printing method, they cannot integrate with flexible active components yet through the R2R inline printing system so far. The major reason in difficulty of inline integration of R2R printed passive components with the flexible active components was mainly originated from the incompatibility between printing and vacuum deposition techniques, employed in manufacturing those flexible active components. Although a printing process was incorporated with the vacuum deposition methods in fabricating those flexible active components, it was limited to fabricating only the semiconducting layers, [12] and lacked the scalability required for practical mass production. Thus, those hybrid vacuum deposition and printing processes cannot be incorporated into the R2R printing foundry. To establish the R2R printing foundry concept, the design rule that encompasses physical dimensions and electrical parameters of the fully printed devices should be first established. The design rule in a semiconductor fabrication plant-referred to as the foundry-is a compromised rule between circuit design engineers and process engineers to provide the geometry of an integrated circuit layout with an acceptable cost. However, unlike the Si-chip foundry, the printed devices' physical dimensions and electrical parameters are variable to the rheological parameters of the electronic inks, the web tension, printing speed, and overlay printing registration accuracy (OPRA) of employed R2R printer. Therefore, the design rule of the R2R printing foundry (Figure 1a) should be always comprising characteristics of both employed ink and R2R printer to prove that the R2R printed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based active

spanning almost the entire range of commercial products in industry, agriculture, and medicine. That is why the development of roll-to-roll (R2R) printed passive RFID tags is extremely attractive, due to perceived cost reduction achievableindeed, this has been the driving force for the realization of the penny RFID tag for the ID and the authentication without incorporating any encryption engine. SuchThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900935.Printed electronics has been received a great deal of attention in the last two decades with a primary focus being on the use of organic semiconductors for the inexpensive and flexible electronic devices. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Applications such as flexible displays and passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags have been widely touted in this regard. In particular, the roll-to-roll (R2R) printed passive 13.56 MHz RFID tag has a very competitive advantage for ID and authentication to prevent counterfeits over the traditional Si-chip based one because the low cost is always the first priority to be considered to authenticate genuine products

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Roll‐to‐roll (R2R) printed electronic devices have great advantages for developing large scale flexible and disposable devices when compared to current Si‐based technology. For practical realization of these advantages, however, R2R printed devices need to surmount device functionality limitations, most urgently high‐power dissipation and poor device stability. To resolve both imperative challenges at once, herein, an all R2R printed complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) 1‐bit code generator with spin‐coated multilayer encapsulation method is developed. In order to print CMOS devices by an all‐R2R gravure printing method, electrical amphoteric property of the single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is utilized to fabricate both p‐type and n‐type SWCNT based thin film transistors (TFTs). In addition, printable encapsulating polymeric materials (CYTOP and FG‐3650) are developed to effectively prevent H2O permeation. The resulting CMOS 1‐bit code generator is able to continuously operate for 2 h under ambient conditions without any variation in output voltage and frequency.

Background Empyema thoracis a disease of significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world. However, the optimal management of empyema thoracis remains controversial. Objective To analyse evolving experience in clinical presentation, management, outcome and factors contributing to adverse morbidity in empyema thoracis. Methods This is hospital based retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with empyema thoracis in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery (CTVS) unit, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of one year (July 2009 to June 2010). A total of forty-six adult cases were categorized into two treatment groups: (i) thoracotomy for decortication (ii) segmentectomy, lobectomy and redo-thoracotomy for pneumonectomy. The median duration of illness prior to hospital admission was compared. The presence of loculated pleural fluid determined the need for thoracotomy. Results Out of forty-six cases, twenty- nine (63.04%) who had early thoracotomy (<22 days) had prompt symptomatic recovery. Forteen out of seventeen (82.35%) of the patients who were initially treated with thoracocentesis or tube thoracostomy eventually needed thoracotomy. There was a positive shift in management towards early thoracotomy resulting in prompt symptomatic recovery. Significant complications were noted in eight patients who had delayed thoracotomy. Complications included recurrent empyema with lung abscess (n = 3), restrictive lung disease (n = 3), bronchopleural fistula (n = 1) and scoliosis (n=1). Conclusion Early thoracotomy and decortication was found to be an excellent surgical procedure with good functional results and high patient satisfaction rate.http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i1.6253 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(1):5-7