Majority of the farmers are unaware of pesticide types, level of poisoning, safety precautions and potential hazards on health and environment. According to the latest estimate, the annual import of pesticides in Nepal is about 211t a.i. with 29.19% insecticides, 61.38% fungicides, 7.43% herbicides and 2% others. The gross sale value accounts US $ 3.05 million per year. Average pesticides use in Nepal is 142 g a.i./ha, which is very low as compared to other Asian counties. Pesticidal miss use is being a serious concern mainly in the commercial pocket areas of agricultural production, where farmers are suffering from environmental pollution. Incidence of poisoning is also increasing because of intentional, incidental and occupational exposure. Toxic and environmentally persistent chemicals are being used as pesticides. Many studies showed that the chemical pollution of the environment has long-term effects on human life. It is therefore essential that manufacture, use, storage, transport and disposal of chemical pesticides be strictly regulated.
In December 2019, several patients from Wuhan, China were admitted with symptoms of pneumonia. As the number of patients presenting with similar symptoms started to rise, the causative agent was eventually isolated from samples. It was initially called the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and has been recently relabelled as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the disease it causes has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it's important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow). At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. WHO will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings become available. Since the virus is spreading worldwide, on March 31, 2020, the WHO officially described the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic.
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Objective:The study was aimed to evaluate in vitro antibacterial effect of various extract of Eulophia herbacea against Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus. Materials and methods: Plant leaves material was collected, washed, dried, coarsely grinded and defatted with petroleum ether and extracted by using ethanol and water. The both extracts were taken and performed the preliminary phytochemical tests, powder character and antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus mutans and lactobacillus. Pure strains of test organisms were obtained from Hi media (Mumbai). Using Agar well diffusion method, zone of inhibition of various extract of Eulophia herbacea against test organism were performed. All tests were performed in triplicates manner. Results: Phytochemical studies of different extracts of Eulophia herbacea revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The various extracts of Eulophia herbacea were showed significant antibacterial efficacy against the oral test microbes. Zone of inhibition showed good efficacy against S. mutans and moderate efficacy against Lactobacillus. Overall non toxic and equally efficacious herbal product can be an interesting alternative to synthetic drug. Conclusion: The study reveals that the various extracts of Eulophia herbacea can be used as anticariogenic or antiplaque agent.
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