There are so many significant developments made in drug delivery system (DDS) in which Polymer DDS has reached great developments. The main motive of this paper is to focus on DDS developing by Polyelectrolytes. Polymers have achieved much importance in DDS. Polyelectrolytes shows an exceptional category of polymer compounds containing of opposite charged polyions which are mainly cationic or anionic charges; they are hydrophilic in nature because of presence of opposite charge, can be used in various of applications in DDS. Polyelectrolytes (PE) exhibits various types of reactive groups that permits easy, adaptable modification with functional agents such as targeting molecules. Further, the oppositely charged nature exist in polyelectrolytes been used to transport macromolecules such as DNA and nanoparticles. Significance of smart polyelectrolyte is growing day by day from last several year. In the last several years, polyelectrolytes representing promising means for targeted based drug delivery and gene treatment. In the present paper, polyelectrolyte, polyelectrolyte complexes, deposition method for multilayer system, features, characterization of polyelectrolytes, and applications are reviewed.
In converting different vegetable oils for the respective esters, at a minimum reaction temperature and faster rate of the fatty acids, the catalyst plays a very important role which can be changed into fatty acid esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel by transesterification reaction with methanol. Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts have been identified as catalysts and among these catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts were chosen because it was possible to generate more biodiesel at a comparatively faster rate. As a feedstock, soybean waste cooking oil (SWCO) was used in this research work. With the help of a conventional mechanical stirrer reactor, SWCO with methanol was heated at various temperatures. As a catalyst, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used. It evaluated the effect of various parameters such as reaction temperature (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C), the reaction time of 2 hours, and loading of the catalyst (0.5 wt. %, 0.7 wt. %, and 1 wt. % KOH and NaOH). Results show that biodiesel produced from soybean waste cooking oil was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel. The transesterification reaction using KOH catalyst was more effective than the NaOH catalyst. The yield and conversion of biodiesel produced from SWCO by using 0.5 wt. % KOH catalysts at 60°C are 93.2 % and 96.16 % respectively while; the yield and conversion of biodiesel produced from SWCO by using 0.5 wt. % NaOH catalysts at 60°C are 91.35 % and 94.5 % respectively. Blends of 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100% by volume of biodiesel derived from soybean waste cooking oil and diesel fuel were prepared as B10, B20, B30, B50 and B100. Biodiesel blends have ASTM standards that are similar to diesel fuel, and the ORSAT apparatus has used to exhaust gas.
The environmental and climate issues facing across the world are widely recognized as serious problems. Therefore, green technologies and ecological sustainable development is need of the hour as the quality of life is worsening. We have had major progress in technology causing depletion of natural life sustaining resources, especially clean air and water. These problems are causing considerable environmental, economic and social impairment on a worldwide scale. Sustainable development implies that renewable resources should be used wherever possible and that non-renewable resources should be husbanded (e.g., reduced and recycled) to extend their viability for generations to come. The paper will present the trend towards sustainability and green technologies in the chemical process industry (CPI). A broad review of state-of-the-art green technologies in the understanding and application of sustainability with few case studies highlighting the economic benefits of adopting green processes from a chemical engineering viewpoint is addressed. Green technologies increasingly uses renewable resources; reduce wastes, pollutants, emissions; recover, reuse and recycle; reduce the pressure on natural resources and restore the balance of the eco-system and biosphere and ultimately help in providing "ecologically sustainable development". These technologies are, therefore, viable, cost-effective, environmentally advanced and most appropriate to the climatic, economical, geographical, ecological and social conditions of the country. This aim can only be achieved by developing new environmentally friendly, safe and non-toxic materials and their based innovative technologies. Therefore CPI must promote sustainable development by investing in green technologies and ensure increased adherence to safety, health and environmental standards. Keywords: Green technologies, sustainable development, environmental, CPI, renewable resource
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