JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. American Risk and Insurance Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access ABSTRACT The service sector of the world economy has grown substantially since World War II. The worldwide insurance industry has had an average annual growth rate of over 10 percent since 1950. During the mid-1980s, the international life insurance industry grew at an average annual rate greater than 25 percent. This article identifies factors that lead to variations in the demand for life insurance across countries. Important factors are found to be the dependency ratio, national income, government spending on social security, inflation, the price of insurance, and whether Islam is the predominant religion in a country.

We report the presence of defects in CH3NH3PbI3, which is one of the main factors that deteriorates the performance of perovskite solar cells.

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Mig6 is a feedback inhibitor that directly binds, inhibits and drives internalization of ErbB-family receptors. Mig6 selectivity targets activated receptors. Here we find that the EGF receptor phosphorylates Mig6 on Tyr394, and that this phosphorylation is primed by prior phosphorylation of an adjacent residue, Tyr395, by Src. Crystal structures of human EGFR–Mig6 complexes reveal the structural basis for enhanced phosphorylation of primed Mig6 and show how Mig6 rearranges after phosphorylation by EGFR to effectively irreversibly inhibit the same receptor that catalyzed its phosphorylation. This dual phosphorylation site allows Mig6 to inactivate EGFR in a manner that requires activation of the target receptor and can be modulated by Src. Loss of Mig6 is a driving event in human cancer; analysis of 1057 gliomas reveals frequent focal deletions of ERRFI, the gene that encodes Mig6, in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas.

Single‐walled carbon‐nanotube absorbers are experimentally demonstrated for laser mode‐locking. A saturable absorber device is used to mode‐lock three different bulk solid‐state lasers in a 500 nm‐wide wavelength interval. The devices exhibit a low saturation fluence of <10 µJ cm−2, low scattering losses, and an exceptionally rapid relaxation, with time constants reaching <100 fs. The latter two properties are explained by a decreased curling tendency and increased tube‐to‐tube interactions of the nanotubes, respectively. These properties are the result of an optimized manufacturing procedure in combination with the use of a starting material with a higher microscopic order. The decreased scattering enables universal use of these devices in bulk solid‐state lasers, which tend to be highly sensitive against non‐saturable device losses as caused by scattering. The favorable saturable absorption properties are experimentally verified by mode‐locking the three lasers, which all exhibit near transform‐limited performance with about 100 fs pulse duration. The complete and unconditional absence of Q‐switching side bands verifies the small saturation fluence of these devices.

Abstract. Dynamics of compressional MHD wave propagation is theoretically studied in the dayside and nightside magnetosphere. In order to analytically examine the MHD wave equation, we adopt the quantum mechanical approach which is often used in the problem of the SchrSdinger's equation. The wave solutions are obtained for dayside and nightside Alfven speed profiles, respectively, without any arbitrary boundary condition at the magnetopause or the bow shock. The result shows that the previous cavity/waveguide models are found to be inappropriate for studying compressional wave properties in the magnetosphere. We discuss the role of virtual resonances which generally represent any possible compressional modes in the magnetosphere.

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High-quality monolayer graphene as large as 1.2×1.2 cm² was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and used as a transmitting saturable absorber for efficient passive mode-locking of a femtosecond bulk solid-state laser. The monolayer graphene mode-locked Cr:forsterite laser was tunable around 1.25 μm and delivered sub-100 fs pulses with output powers up to 230 mW. The nonlinear optical characteristics of the monolayer graphene saturable absorber and the mode-locked operation were then compared with the case of the bilayer graphene saturable absorber.